Wallflower (Erysimum cheiri (L.) Crantz) from Past to Future

Document Type : Review

Authors

1 Department of Phytopharmaceuticals (Traditional Pharmacy), Faculty of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.

2 Phytopharmaceutical Technology and Traditional Medicine Incubator, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran. Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.

3 Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran. Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.

4 Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.

5 Colorectal Research Center, Faghihi Hospital, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.

6 Department of Phytopharmaceuticals (Traditional Pharmacy), Faculty of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.

Abstract

Wallflower (Erysimum cheiri (L.) Crantz) is a common medicinal plant in Persian medicine and nowadays some traditional products from wallflower are consumed on global markets. The aim of the present study was to study the phytochemical constituents of wallflower and discuss safety evaluations related to the traditional wallflower preparations. Major Persian scholars (e.g. Avicenna) books, Persian manuscripts (e.g. Makhzan-al-advia) and Arabic medical manuscripts (e.g Alshamel-fi alsanaat altebya) of the medieval Islamic era as well as current search engines including Pubmed, Scopus, Siencedirect, and Google Scholar were included in the study from 1700 up to 2018 A.D. In traditional medicine manuscripts, various topical and oral dosage forms of wallflower were administered in low doses. After renaissance, phytochemical investigations reported cardiac steroids in wallflower and it might be the reason that next medical investigations on the herb have been interrupted. According to in vivo studies, topical indications of cardiac steroids in doses lower than their inhibitory concentration 50 (IC50) should be safe and effective in some cutaneous disorders. Wallflower is reported to have several different classes of compounds including: 11 types of cardenolides (such as strophanthidin, bipindogenin, uzarigenin, cannogenol and digitoxygenin derivatives), two flavonoids, a cyanidin and two glucosinolates. Therefore, for safety guarantee, wallflower products require dose adjustment based on IC50 and probable cardenolide soluble content in that dosage forms.
 

Keywords

Main Subjects

References

[1] The plant list. Erysimum × cheiri (L.) Crantz. [Accessed 2018]. Available from: http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-2799915.
[2] Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA.Cheiranthuscheiri Linn. flora of Pakistan. [Accessed 2018]. Available from: http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=5&taxon_id=200009360.
[3] Erum A, Aslam M, Jafri MA, Ahmed MA, Yousuf AW. Phytochemical and ethnopharmacological review of “Tudri surkh” (Cheiranthus cheiri). World J Pharm Res. 2017; 6(5): 352-359.
[4] Fleming Th. PDR for herbal medicines. Montvale: Medical Economics Company, 2000.
[5] Mutlu B. New morphological characters for some Erysimum (Brassicaceae) species. Turk J Bot. 2010; 34(1): 115-121.
[6] Rhazi M. Al hawi [liber continent]. Trans. Afsharipour S. 1st ed. Tehran: Academy of Medical Sciences Publication, 2005.
[7] Avicenna. The Canon of medicine. Trans. by Sharafkandi A. 2nd ed. Tehran: Soroush Press, 1997.
[8] Tonkaboni MM. Tohfeh al- momenin. 1st ed. Rahimi R, Shams Ardekani MR, Farjadmand F, Eds. Tehran: Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, 2007.
[9] Aghili MH. Makhzan-al-advia. Shams Ardakani MR, Rahimi R, Farjadmand F, Eds. Tehran: Tehran University of Medical Sciences Publication, 2009.
[10] Nazem Jahan MA. Mohit-e azam. Tehran: Almai Publication, 2015.
[11] Gharashi A. (Ibne-nafis). Alshamel-fi alsanaat altebya. Tehran: Iran University of Medical Sciences Publication, 2008.
[12] Ghassani A. Hadiqat ol-azhar fi sharh maziyat al-oshb val aqqar. Tehran: Research Institute for Islamic and Complementary Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, 2008.
[13] Taylor & Francis Group. Cheiranthus cheiri. The dictionary of natural products. [Accessed 2011]. Available from: http://dnp.chemnetbase.com/.
[14] Reeb M. Cheiranthus cheiri. Arch ExpPathol U Pharm. 1898; 41(1); 302.
[15] Reeb M. Active constituents of the wallflower. J Chem Soc Abstr. 1900; 78: 186.
[16] Anderson T. The plant alkaloids. London: J. & A. Churchill Ltd, 1949.
[17] American druggist and pharmaceutical record. Cheiranthin. [Accessed 2018]. Available from: https://archive.org/stream/americandruggis31unkngoog/americandruggis31unkngoog_djvu.txt.
[18] Schultz OE, Gmelin R. Papierchromatographie senfölglucosidhaltiger pflanzen neue ergebnisse. Z Naturforsch B. 1953; 8(3): 151-156.
[19] Cheirolin, the tiocarbimide in wallflower seeds. Its synthesis and degradation. J Chem Soc Abstr. 1910; 98(1): 658-660.
[20] Schneider W, Lohmann W. Thiocarbimides: the glucoside of Cheirolin. Org Chem. 1912; 102(933-1044): 1007-1008.
[21] Gildemeister E. The volatile oils. New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1916.
[22] Jaretzky R. Cardiac glucosides of Cheiranthus cheiri and related species. Br Chem Abstr. 1932; 1(1): 541.
[23] Anders K, Franz M, Josef C. Isothiocyanates. VI. A synthesis of cheiroline (gamma- methylsulphonyl propyl isothiocyanate). Acta Chem Scand. 1953; 7(1): 1370-1374.
[24] Moore J, Tamm Ch, Reichstein T. Die glykoside der goldlacksamen, Cheiranthus cheiri L. Helv Chim Acta. 1954; 37(1): 755-770.
[25] Makarevich IF, Slyusarskaya TV, Yarmolenko GN. Cardenolide-containing plants of the family Cruciferae. ‎Chem Nat Compd. 1994; 30(3): 275-289.
[26] Saleem M, Alam A, Sultana S. Cheiranthus cheiri abrogates phorbol ester induced tumor promotion response in murine skin. Pharm Biol. 2001; 39(1): 25-34.
[27] Tatsuzawa F, Saito N, Shinoda K, Shigihara A, Honda T. Acylated cyanidin 3-sambubioside-5-glucosides in three garden plants of the Cruciferae. Phytochemistry. 2006; 67(12): 1287-1295.
[28] Iranhelsa. Anti-fissure ointment.  [Accessed 2018]. Available from: http://www.iranhelsa.com.
[29] Luqman clinics. Doodhi tablets. [Accessed 2018]. Available from: http://www.luqmanclinic.com.
[30] Netland KE, Martinez J. Abortifacients: toxidromes, ancient to modern-a case series and review of the literature. Acad Emerg Med. 2000; 7(7): 824-829.
[31] Khare CP. Indian medicinal plants, an illustrated dictionary. New York: Springer, 2007.
[32] Athar M, Siddiqi M. Reflections on the taxonomy and distribution of medicinal flowers of Pakistan. Sida Contrib Bot. 2004; 21(1): 357-368.
[33] Evans WC, Evans D, Trease GE. Trease and Evans' pharmacognosy. Edinburgh: WB Saunders, 2002.
[34] Junghans T. Der goldlack - zier- und nutzpflanze auf abwege. Pharmu Z. 2010; 39(4): 322.
[35] European food safety authority (EFSA). Compendium of botanicals reported to contain naturally occurring substances of possible concern for human health when used in food and food supplements. EFSA J. 2012; 10(5): 1-60.
[36] Vaughn SF, Berhow MA. Glucosinolate hydrolysis products from various plant sources: pH effects, isolation, and purification. Ind Crops Prod. 2005; 21(2): 193-202.
[37] Azimova SS, Glushenkova AI, Vinogradova VI. Lipids, lipophilic components and essential oils from plant sources. London: Springer-Verlag, 2012.
[38] Lawrence WJC, Price JR, Robinson GM, Robinson R. The distribution of anthocyanins in flowers, fruits and leaves. Phil Trans R Soc Lond B. 1939: 230(567): 149-178.
[39] Arnold Ä. Goldlack- Erysimum cheiri. [Accessed 2017]. Available from: http://www.awl.ch/heilpflanzen/erysimum_cheiri/goldlack.htm.
[40] Willaman J, Schubert B. Alkaloid-bearing plants and their contained alkaloids. Washington: Dept. of Agriculture, the University of Virginia, 1961.
[41] Schmidt RJ. Wallflower. [Accessed 2016]. Available from: http://www.botanical-dermatology-database.info/BotDermFolder/CRUC.html.
[42] Services PP. Cheiranthus cheiri Linn. [Accessed 2017]. Available from: http://www.druginfosys.com/herbal/herb.aspx?code=143&name=cheiranthus%20cheiri%20linn.&type=1.
[43] Mircea C. Allergenic and toxic compounds in ornamental plants- a review. Bull UASVM Hort. 2014; 71(2): 180-184.
[44] Wink M. Mode of action and toxicology of plant toxins and poisonous plants. Julius Kühn Archiv. 2009; 421(1): 93-112.
[45] Bachelard H, Tricojus VM. Plant thioglycosides and the problem of endemic goiter in Australia. Nature. 1960; 185(1): 80-82.
[46] LKT Laboratories. "Cheirolin, 97%". [Accessed 2017]. Available from: http://www.lktlabs.com/products/Cheirolin_97-52-60.html.
[47] Haristoy X, Fahey JW, Scholtus I, Lozniewski A. Evaluation of the anti-microbial effects of several isothiocyanates on Helicobacter pylori. Planta Med. 2005; 71(4): 326-330.
[48] Ew W. Cheiranthin, an active constituent of the wallflower. Org Chem. 1899; 378-379.
[49] Kaul B, Wells P, Staba ES. Production of cardioactive substances by plant tissue cultures and their screening for cardiovascular activity. J Pharnz Pharmac. 1967; 19(11): 760-766.
[50] Senthilkumaran S, Saravanakumar S, Thirumalaikolundusubramanian P. Cutaneous absorption of Oleander: fact or fiction. J Emerg Trauma Shock. 2009: 2(1): 43-45.
[51] Groves MJ, Bisset NG. A note on the use of topical digitalis prior to William Withering. J Ethnopharmacol. 1991; 35(2): 99-103.
[52] El-Okdi N, Smaili S, Raju V, Shidyak A, Gupta S, Fedorova L, Elkareh J, Periyasamy S, Shapiro AP, Kahaleh MB, Malhotra D, Xie Z, Chin KV, Shapiro JI. Effects of CTS on dermal collagen synthesis and wound healing. J Appl Physiol. 2008; 105(1): 30-36.
[53] Oselkin M, Tian D, Bergold PJ. Low-dose cardiotonic steroids increase sodium-potassium ATPase activity that protects hippocampal slice cultures from experimental ischemia. Neurosci Lett. 2010; 473(2): 67-71.
[54] Mosleh Gh, Badr P, Abolhassanzadeh Z, Hosseini SV, Mohagheghzadeh A, Azadi A. Potential effects and mechanisms of action of topical wallflower (Erysimum cheiri (L.) Cranz) administration in anal fissure. Res J Pharmacogn. In press.
Research Journal of Pharmacognosy
Volume 6, Issue 2
April 2019
Pages 85-95

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics