Evaluating the effect of Dracocephalum kotschyi methanol extract on Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Document Type : Original paper

Authors

1 Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.

2 Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.

3 Isfahan Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran

Abstract

Background and objectives: Tuberculosis (TB) is the major public health problem in the world. Each year there are 2-3 million deaths worldwide caused by TB. The increasing incidence of Multi Drug Resistance tuberculosis (MDR-TB) worldwide highlights the urgent need to search for new anti-tuberculosis compounds. It has been reported that medicinal plant, Dracocephalum kotschyi, possesses some antibacterial effect, thus in the present study its anti-mycobacterial property was evaluated. Methods: The sensitivity and resistance of M. tuberculosis strains at concentration of 0.2 µg/mL isoniazid was determined by proportion method. Methanol extract of D. kotschyi was prepared using maceration method. Six concentrations of D. kotschyi, including 20, 40, 80, 160, 320 and 640μg/mL were prepared and its anti-mycobacterial effect on four groups of M. tuberculosis including M. tuberculosis H37Rv (ATCC 27294), isoniazid susceptible and resistance and MDR strains was determined. Results: The methanol extract of D. kotschyi was significantly against M. tuberculosis. The percent of growthwas decreased from 100% to 0% in M. tuberculosis  H37Rv (ATCC 27294),  isoniazid resistant and isoniazid susceptible strains but from 100% to 50% in MDR strain in 640 μg/mL concentration. Conclusion: The results showed that different concentrations of D. kotschyi methanol extracts showed a remarkable inhibitory effect on M. tuberculosis. Identification of the effective fraction of D. kotschyi against M. tuberculosis is a further step to be studied.

Keywords


[1]  Flynn JL, Chan J, Triebold KJ, Dalton DK, Stewart TA, Bloom BR. An essential role for interferon gamma in resistance to Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. J Exp Med. 1993; 178(6): 2249-2254.
[2]  World Health Organization. Global tuberculosis report 2013. Available from: http://www.who.int/tb/publications/global_report/en/.
[3]  Gandhi NR, Moll A, Sturm AW, Pawinski R, Govender T, Lalloo U, Zeller K, Andrews J, Friedland G. Extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis as a cause of death in patients co-infected with tuberculosis and HIV in a rural area of South Africa.  Lancet. 2006; 368(9547): 1575-1580.
[4]  Shin S, Pasechnikov A, Gelmanova I, Peremitin G, Strelis A, Mishustin S, Barnashov A, Karpeichik Y, Andreev YG, Golubchikova VT, Tonkel TP, Yanova GV, Yedilbayev A, Rich ML, Mukherjee JS, Furin JJ, Atwood S, Farmer PE, Keshavjee S. Adverse reactions among patients being treated for MDR-TB in Tomsk, Russia. Int J Tuberc Lung D. 2007; 11(12): 1314-1320.
[5]  Mitnick C, Bayona J, Palacios E, Shin S, Furin J, Alcántara F. Community-based therapy for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in Lima, Peru. New Engl J Med. 2003; 348(2): 119-128.
[6]  Zhang Y, Yew W. Mechanisms of drug resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Int J Tuberc Lung D. 2009; 13(11): 1320-1330.
[7]  Scarparo C, Ricordi P, Ruggiero G, Piccoli P. Evaluation of the fully automated BACTEC MGIT 960 system for testing susceptibility of Mycobacterium tuberculosis to pyrazinamide, streptomycin, isoniazid, rifampin, and ethambutol and comparison with the radiometric BACTEC 460TB method. J Clin Microbiol. 2004; 42(3): 1109-1114.
[8]  Moghaddam G, Ebrahimi SA, Rahbar‐Roshandel N, Foroumadi A. Antiproliferative activity of flavonoids: influence of the sequential methoxylation state of the flavonoid structure. Phytother Res. 2012; 26(7): 1023-1028.
[9]  Serkani JE, Isfahani BN, Safaei HG, Kermanshahi RK, Asghari G. Evaluation of the effect of Humulus lupulus alcoholic extract on rifampin-sensitive and resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Res Pharm Sci. 2012; 7(4): 235-242.
[10]  Houghton PJ. The role of plants in traditional medicine and current therapy. J Altern Complem Med. 1995; 1(2): 131-143.
[11]  Faham N, Javidnia K, Bahmani M, Amirghofran Z. Calycopterin, an immunoinhibitory compound from the extract of Dracocephalum kotschyi. Phytother Res. 2008; 22(9): 1154-1158.
[12]  Sajjadi SE, Atar AM, Yektaian A. Antihyperlipidemic effect of hydroalcoholic extract, and polyphenolic fraction from Dracocephalum kotschyi Boiss. Pharm Acta Helv. 1998; 3(3): 167-170.
[13]  Mirheydar H. Maaref Giahi (Plant Knowledge). Tehran: Farhange Eslami Publication, 1995.
[14]  Amirghofran Z, Azadbakht M, Karimi MH. Evaluation of the immune-modulatory effects of five herbal plants. J Ethnopharmacol. 2000; 72(1): 167-172.
[15]  Cordell GA, Beecher CW, Pezzuto JM. Can ethnopharmacology contribute to the development of new anticancer drugs? J Ethnopharmacol. 1991; 32(1): 117-133.
[16]  Telepova M, Budantzev A, Shavarda A. A comparative-study of nature of terpens within the secretory organs of leaves in some species of Dracocephalum (Labiatae). B Soc Bot Fr-Lett. 1992; 139(3): 247-264.
[17]  Rechinger KH. Flora iranica, Linaceae. No. 106. Graz: Akademische Druck-u Verlagsanstalt, 1974.
[18]  Golshani S, Karamkhani F, Monsef-Esfehani HR, Abdollahi M. Antinociceptive effects of the essential oil of Dracocephalum kotschyi in the mouse writhing test. J Pharm Pharm Sci. 2004; 7(1): 76-79.
[19]  Yaghmai MS, Taffazoli R. The essential oil of Dracocephalum kotschyi Boiss. Flavour Frag J. 1988; 3(1): 33-36.
[20]  Saeidniaa S, Goharia AR, Itob M, Kiuchic F, Hondab G. Bioactive constituents from Dracocephalum subcapitatum (O. Kuntze). Z Naturforsch C. 2005; 60(1-2): 22-24.
[21]  Astulla A, Zaima K, Matsuno Y, Hirasawa Y, Ekasari W, Widyawaruyanti A, Cholies Zaini N, Morita H. Alkaloids from the seeds of Peganum harmala showing antiplasmodial and vaso-relaxant activities. J Nat Med. 2008; 62(4): 470-472.
[22]  Saeidnia S, Gohari AR, Uchiyama N, Ito M, Honda G, Kiuchi F. Two new monoterpene glycosides and trypanocidal terpenoids from Dracocephalum kotschyi. Chem Pharm Bull. 2004; 52(10): 1249-1501.   
[23]  Saeidnia S, Gohari AR, Hadjiakhoondi A, Shafiee A. Bioactive compounds of the volatile oil of Dracocephalum kotschyi. Z Naturforsch C. 2007; 62(11-12): 793-796.
[24]  Jahaniani F, Ebrahimi SA, Rahbar-Roshandel N, Mahmoudian M. Xanthomicrol is the main cytotoxic component of Dracocephalum kotschyii and a potential anti-cancer agent. Phytochemistry. 2005; 66(13): 1581-1592.
[25]  Sahoo Y, Pattnaik S, Chand P. In vitro clonal propagation of an aromatic medicinal herb Ocimum basilicum L. (sweet basil) by axillary shoot proliferation. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Plant .1997; 33(4): 293-296.
[26]  Begum F, Amin M, Azad M. In vitro rapid clonal propagation of Ocimum basilicum L. Plant tissue cult. 2002; 12(1): 27-35.
[27]  Singh NK, Sehgal C. Micropropagation of ‘Holy Basil’ (Ocimum sanctum Linn.) from young inflorescences of mature plants. Plant Growth Regul. 1999; 29(3): 161-166.
[28]  Parsons LM, Salfinger M, Clobridge A, Dormandy J, Mirabello L, Polletta VL, Sanic A, Sinyavskiy O, Larsen SC, Driscoll J, Zickas G, Taber HW. Phenotypic and molecular characterization of Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains resistant to both isoniazid and ethambutol. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2005; 49(6): 2218-2225.
[29]  Amin M, Segatoleslami S, Hashemzadeh M. Antimycobacterial activity of partial purified extract of Allium ascalonicum. Jundishapur J Microbiol. 2007; 2(4): 144-147.
[30]  Antony M, James J, Misra CS, Sagadevan L, Veettil AT, Thankamani V. Anti-mycobacterial activity of the plant extracts of Alstonia scholaris. Int J Curr Pharm Res. 2012; 4(1): 40-42.
[31]  Nvau J, Oladosu P, Orishadipe A. Antimycobacterial evaluation of some medicinal plants used in plateau state of Nigeria for the treatment of tuberculosis. Abjna. 2011; 2(9): 1270 -1272.
[32]  Canetti G, Fox W, Khomenko AA, Mahler H, Menon N, Mitchison D,  Rist  N, Šmelev NA. Advances in techniques of testing mycobacterial drug sensitivity and the use of sensitivity tests in tuberculosis control programmes. B World Health Organ. 1969; 41(1): 21-43.
[33]  Luna-Herrera J, Costa M, Gonzalez H, Rodrigues A, Castilho P. Synergistic anti mycobacterial activities of sesquiterpene lactones from Laurus spp.  J Antimicrob Chemother. 2007; 59(3): 548-552.
[34]  Blumenthal M, Goldberg A, Brinckmann J. Herbal medicines. Expanded Commission E monographs. Newton: Integrative medicine communications, 2000.
[35]  Asghari G, Keyhanfard N. Seasonal variation of mono-and sesquiterpenoid components in the essential oil of Dracocephalum kotschyi Boiss. Res J Pharmacogn. 2014; 1(4): 41-47.
[36]  Rang H, Dale MM, Ritter J, Moore P. Pharmacology. New York: Churchill Livingstone, 2003.