[1] Ekor M. The growing use of herbal medicines: issues relating to adverse reactions and challenges in monitoring safety. Front Pharmacol. 2014; Article ID: 24454289.
[2] Boateng M, Danso-Appiah A, Turkson B, Tersbol B. Integrating biomedical and herbal medicine in Ghana - experiences from the Kumasi South Hospital: a qualitative study. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2016; Article ID 27388903.
[3] Van Andel T, Myren B, van Onselen S. Ghana's herbal market. J Ethnopharmacol. 2012; 140(2): 368-378.
[4] Science Technology and Policy Research Institute (STEPRI). Centre for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR). Ghana herbal pharmacopoeia. 2nd ed. Accra: CSIR-INSTI, 2015.
[5] Adotey J, Adukpo G, Opoku Boahen Y, Armah F. A review of the ethnobotany and pharmacological importance of Alstonia boonei De Wild (Apocynaceae). ISRN Pharmacol. 2012; Article ID: 22900200.
[6] Orwa C, Mutua A, Kindt R, Jamnadass R, Anthony S. Agroforestree Database: a tree reference and selection guide version 402009. [Accessed 2019]. Available from: http://www.worldagroforestry.org/publication/agroforestree-database-tree-reference-and-selection-guide-version-40.
[7] Olajide O, Awe S, Awe SO, Makinde JM, Ekhelar AI, Olusola A, Morebise O, Okpako DT. Studies on the anti-inflammatory, antipyretic and analgesic properties of Alstonia boonei stem bark. J Ethnopharmacol. 2000; 71(1-2): 179-186.
[8] Osadebe P. Anti-inflammatory properties of the root bark of Alstonia boonei. Niger J Nat Prod Med. 2002; 6(6): 39-41.
[9] Taiwo O, Van Den Berg AJ, Kores B. Activity of the stem bark extract of Alstonia boonei De wild (Apocynaceae) on human complement and polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Indian J Pharmacol. 1998; 30(3): 169-174.
[10] Obiagwu M, Ihekwereme C, Ajaghaku D, Okoye F. The useful medicinal properties of the root-bark extract of Alstonia boonei (Apocynaceae) may be connected to antioxidant activity. ISRN Pharmacol. 2014; Article ID: 24592332.
[11] Fakae BB, Campbell AM, Barrett J, Scott IM, Teesdale-Spittle PH, Liebau E, Brophy PM. Inhibition of glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) from parasitic nematodes by extracts from traditional Nigerian medicinal plants. Phytother Res. 2000; 14(8): 630-634.
[12] Baliga MS1, Jagetia GC, Ulloor JN, Baliga MP, Venkatesh P, Reddy R, Rao KV, Baliga BS, Devi S, Raju SK, Veeresh V, Reddy TK, Bairy KL. The evaluation of the acute toxicity and long term safety of hydroalcoholic extract of Sapthaparna (Alstonia scholaris) in mice and rats. Toxicol Lett. 2004; 151(2): 317-326.
[13] Jagetia G, Baliga M, Venkatesh P. Effect of Sapthaparna (Alstonia scholaris Linn) in modulating the benzo(a)pyrene-induced forestomach carcinogenesis in mice. Toxicol Lett. 2003; 144(2): 183-193.
[14] Akbar S, Hanif U, Ali J, Ishtiaq S. Pharmacognostic studies of stem, roots and leaves of Malva parviflora L. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed. 2014; 4(5): 410-415.
[15] Garg V, Dhar V, Sharma A, Dutt R. Facts about standardization of herbal medicne: a review. Chin J Integr Med. 2012; 10(10): 1077-1088.
[16] Sahoo N, Manchikanti P, Dey S. Herbal drugs: standards and regulation. Fitoterapia. 2010; 81(6): 462-471.
[17] Chanda S. Importance of pharmacognostic study of medicinal plants: an overview. J Pharmacogn Phytochem. 2014; 2(5): 69-73.
[18] Dar RA, Shahnawaz M, Qazi PH. General overview of medicinal plants: a review. J Phytopharmacol. 2017; 6(6): 349-351.
[19] McCann J, Ames B. Detection of carcinogens as mutagens in the Salmonella/microsome test: assay of 300 chemicals: discussion. Pro Natl Acad Sci. 1976; 73(3): 950-954.
[20] Ames B, McCann J, Yamasaki E. Methods for detecting carcinogens and mutagens with the Salmonella/mammalian-microsome mutagenicity test. Mutat Res Environ Mutagen Rel Sub. 1975; 31(6): 347-364.
[21] Cardoso C, de Syllos Cólus I, Bernardi C, Sannomiya M, Vilegas W, Varanda E. Mutagenic activity promoted by amentoflavone and methanolic extract of Byrsonima crassa Niedenzu. Toxicology. 2006; 225(1): 55-63.
[22] Ghazali A, Abdullah R, Ramli N, Rajab N, Ahmad-Kamal M, Yahya N. Mutagenic and antimutagenic activities of Mitragyna speciosa Korth extract using Ames test. J Med Plants Res. 2011; 5(5): 1345-1348.
[23] World Health Organization. Quality control methods for medicinal plant materials. Geneva: WHO press, 2011.
[24] Harborne J. Phytochemical methods. London: Chapman and Hall Publications, 1992.
[25] Khandelwal K. Practical pharmacognosy techniques and experiments. New Delhi: Nirali Prakashan, 2002.
[26] Ranjith D. Fluorescence analysis and extractive values of herbal formulations used for wound healing activity in animals. J Med Plants Stud. 2018; 6(2): 189-192.
[27] Gilbert R. The analysis of fluctuation tests. Mutat Res/Environ Mutagenesis Rel Subj. 1980; 74(4): 283-289.
[28] World Health Organization. WHO guidelines for assessing quality of herbal medicines with reference to contaminants and residues. Geneva: WHO Press, 2007.
[29] Mehta J, Shah D, Mehta T, Patel P, Patel N. Compendial testing on herbal crude drug - a review. Asian J Pharm Res. 2011; 1(2): 49-52.
[30] Chime S, Ugwuoke E, Onyishi I, Brown S, Onunkwo G. Formulation and evaluation of Alstonia boonei stem bark powder tablets. Indian J Pharm Sci. 2013; 75(2): 226-230.
[31] Ogundele D, Adio A, Oludele O. Heavy metal concentrations in plants and soil along heavy traffic roads in north central Nigeria. J Environ Anal Toxicol. 2015; 5(6): 1-5.
[32] Jarup L. Hazards of heavy metal contamination. Br Med Bull. 2003; 68: 167-182.
[33] Akintonwa A, Awodele O, Afolayan G, Coker H. Mutagenic screening of some commonly used medicinal plants in Nigeria. J Ethnopharmacol. 2009; 125(3): 461-470.