Effect of Oral Administration of Astragalus ecbatanus Chloroform Extract on Acute and Chronic Pain in Balb/C Mice

Document Type : Original paper

Authors

1 Department of Pharmacognosy, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran.

2 Department of Nutrition, School of Health and Nutrition, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran.

3 Student Research Committee, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran.

4 Razi Herbal Medicines Research Center, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran.

Abstract

Background and objectives: Astragalus spp., have been used as a pain reliever in traditional medicine; therefore, in this study, we decided to evaluate the antinociceptive effects of Astragalus ecbatanus chloroform extract (AECE) in acute and chronic pain in male mice. Methods: The extract was obtained from aerial parts of A. ecbatanus with maceration method. The antinociceptive effect of AECE was determined by tail-flick, hot-plate, formalin, and rotarod tests followed by the oral intake of mice with AECE at the doses of 200, 400, and 800 mg/kg for 14 days in male Balb/C mice. Results: The results showed AECE at the concentrations of 400 and 800 mg/kg revealed a mean latency time of 6.4 and 7.2 s, respectively; representing a remarkable (p<0.05) antinociceptive activity compared with the control group. AECE, especially at the doses of 400 and 800 mg/kg, significantly increased the time until the occurrence of painful behaviors (licking or jumping) compared to the control group (p<0.001). The results showed AECE, especially in concentrations of 400 and 800 mg/kg, markedly (p<0.05) reduced the pain behaviors in the first phase (acute) and the second (chronic) phase of the formalin test compared to the control group. Conclusion: According to the reducing pain effect of this plant in both pain tests and in both stages of the formalin test, it can be concluded that Astragalus ecbatanus reduces both acute pain and chronic pain, and can relieve pain both peripherally and centrally.

Keywords

Main Subjects

References

  • Lamont LA, Tranquilli WJ, Grimm KA. Physiology of pain. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract. 2000; 30(4): 703–728.
  • Crofford LJ. Chronic pain: where the body meets the brain. Trans Ame Clin Climatol Assoc. 2015; 126: 167–183.
  • Gureje O, Von Korff M, Simon GE, Gater R. Persistent pain and well-being: a World Health Organization study in primary care. Jama. 1998; 280(2): 147–151.
  • Els C, Jackson TD, Kunyk D, Lappi VG, Sonnenberg B, Hagtvedt R, Sharma S, Kolahdooz F, Straube S. Adverse events associated with medium‐and long‐term use of opioids for chronic non‐cancer pain: an overview of Cochrane reviews. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017: 10: 1–43.
  • Gagnier JJ, van Tulder MW, Berman B, Bombardier C. Herbal medicine for low back pain: a Cochrane review. Spine. 2007; 32(1): 82–92.
  • Rios JL, Waterman PG. A review of the pharmacology and toxicology of Astragalus. Phytother Res. 1997; 11(6): 411–418.
  • Li X, Qu L, Dong Y, Han L, Liu E, Fang S, Zhang Y, Wang T. A review of recent research progress on the Astragalus Molecules. 2014; 19(11): 18850–18880.
  • Shahrajabian MH, Sun W, Cheng Q. A review of Astragalus species as foodstuffs, dietary supplements, a traditional Chinese medicine and a part of modern pharmaceutical science. Appl Ecol Environ Res. 2019; 17(6): 13371–13382.
  • Miraj S, Kiani S. Astragalus membranaceus: a review study of its anti-carcinoma activities. Der Pharm Lett. 2016; 8(6): 59–65.
  • Ghasemian Yadegari J, Nazemiyeh H, Asnaashari S, Fathiazad F. Chemical characterization of the essential oil from aerial parts of Astragalus maximus from Northwest of Iran. Adv Biosci Clin Med. 2015; 3(3): 32–39.
  • Turgut-Kara N, Arı S. Micropropagation of Astragalus maximus Biotechnol Biotechnol Equip. 2006; 20(1): 20–22.
  • Shojaii A, Motaghinejad M, Norouzi S, Motevalian M. Evaluation of anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity of the extract and fractions of Astragalus hamosus in animal models. Iran J Pharm Res. 2015; 14(1): 263–269.
  • Shojaii A, Motevalian M, Rahnama N. Evaluation of anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities and the phytochemical study of Astragalus arbusculinus gum in animal models. J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol. 2015; 26(4): 369–374.
  • Shahrani M, Asgharzadeh N, Torki A, Asgharian S, Lorigooini Z. Astragalus fasciculifolius manna; antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties in mice. Immunopathol Persa. 2021; 7(1): 1–7.
  • Ghasemian Yadegari J, Khudair Khalaf A, Darabi R, Mahmoudvand H. Antiparasitic effects and cellular mechanism of Astragalus maximus chloroform extract against clinical isolates of Giardia lamblia. Res J Pharmacol. 2022; 9(3): 5–13.
  • Evans WC. Trease and Evans pharmacognosy. 14th London: WB Saunders Company Limited, 1972.
  • Singleton VL, Orthofer R, Lamuela-Raventós RM. Analysis of total phenols and other oxidation substrates and antioxidants by means of Folin-Ciocalteu reagent. Meth Enzymol. 1999; 299: 152–178.
  • Phuyal N, Jha PK, Raturi PP, Rajbhandary S. Total phenolic, flavonoid contents, and antioxidant activities of fruit, seed, and bark extracts of Zanthoxylum armatum Sci World J. 2020; Article ID 8780704.
  • Mahmoudvand H, Ziaali N, Ghazvini H, Shojaee S, Keshavarz H, Esmaeilpour K, Sheibani V. Toxoplasma gondii infection promotes neuroinflammation through cytokine networks and induced hyperalgesia in BALB/c mice. Inflamm. 2016; 39(1): 405–412.
  • Raboisson P, Dallel R. The orofacial formalin test. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2004; 28(2): 219–226.
  • Mahmoudvand H, Khaksarian M, Ebrahimi K, Shiravand S, Jahanbakhsh S, Niazi M, Nadri S. Antinociceptive effects of green synthesized copper nanoparticles alone or in combination with morphine. Ann Med Surg. 2020; 51: 31–36.
  • Carlisson KH, Jurna I. Depression by flupirtine; a novel analgesic agent of motor and sensory response of nociceptive system in the rat spinal cord. Eur J Pharmacol. 1987; 143(1): 87–99.
  • Dubisson D, Dennis SG. The formalin test a quantivie study of the analgesic effects of morphin, meperidne and brainstem stimulation in rat and cats. Pain. 1997; 4(2): 161–174.
  • Chen CL, Broom DC, Liu Y, Denooji JC, Li Z, Cen C, Abdel Samad O, Jessell TM, Woolf CJ, Ma Run x1 determines nociceptive sensory neuron phenotype and is required for thermal and neuropathic pain. Neuron. 2006; 49(3): 365–377.
  • Tgolsen A, Berge OG, Hunskaar S, Rosland JH, Hole K. The formalin test: an evaluation of the method. Pain. 1991; 51(1): 17–25.
  • Ngassapa DN. Comparison of functional characteristics of intradental A- and C-nerve fibres in dental pain. East Afr Med J. 1996; 73(3): 207–209.
  • Manabu S, Tsuyako O, Hiroshi T, Reizo I. Modified formalin test: characteristic biphasic pain response. Pain. 1989; 38(3): 347–352.
  • Rosland JH, Tjolsen A, Mahle B, Hole K. The formalin test in mice-effect of formalin concentration. Pain. 1990; 42(2): 235–242.
  • Atta AH, Alkofahi A. Anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of some Jordnian medicinal plant extrats. J Ethnopharmacol. 1998; 60(2): 117–124.
  • Salah SM, Jager AK. Two flavonoids from Artemisia herba-alba Asso with in vitro GABA-A benzodiazepine receptor activity. J Ethnopharmacol. 2005; 99(1): 145–146.
  • Knabl J, Witschi R, Hosl K, Reinold H, Zeilhofer UB, Ahmadi S, Brockhaus J, Sergejeva M, Hess A, Brune K, Fritschy JM, Rudolph U, Mohler H, Zeilhofer Reversal of pathological pain through specific spinal GABA A receptor subtypes. Nature. 2008; 451(7176): 330–334.
Research Journal of Pharmacognosy
Volume 10, Issue 2
April 2023
Pages 39-45

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics