- The Iranian Society of Pharmacognosy
- Shahid Beheshti University of Medical SciencesResearch Journal of Pharmacognosy2345-44584220170401Characterization of the lignin polymer in Brassicaceae family11344247ENS. HemmatiDepartment of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, IranH. SeradjDepartment of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.N. MehrabiDepartment of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.Journal Article20161013<strong>Background and objectives: </strong>Residues of medicinal plants after extraction and weeds are suitable candidates for bioethanol production. Significant barriers exist to make the conversion of lignocellulosic feedstock to biofuel cost effective and environmentally friendly; one of which is the lignin polymer. Brassicaceae family is one of the potential targets for biofuel production. The structural characteristics of lignin from <em>Hirschfeldia incana, Sisymbrium altissimum </em>and<em> Cardaria draba </em>were studied in comparison to that of <em>Brassica napus</em>.<strong> Methods:</strong> Lignin deposition was observed by phloroglucinol and Mäule staining. The total lignin content was determined by Klason method. Maximum UV absorbance and FT-IR spectra were compared. Ratio of syringyl to guaiacyl lignin (S/G ratio) as a metric of lignin digestibility was determined by DFRC followed by GC-MS analysis. <sup>1</sup>H-NMR spectra of the total lignin was compared with other spectroscopic methods. <strong>Results: </strong>Staining of thestem cross sections of <em>C. draba</em> showed higher G units in contrast to the higher S units in <em>S.</em> <em>altissimum</em> which was in agreement with <sup>1</sup>H-NMR analysis. Total lignin content for <em>H. incana</em>, <em>C. draba</em> and <em>S. altissimum</em> was 27.10%, 23.8% and 24.5%, respectively. The specific maximum UV absorbance appeared between 230-260 nm. FT-IR analysis confirmed the presence of more aromatic structures in the seed maturation stage than the flowering stage. S/G ratio was 0.26, 0.10 and 0.22 for <em>H. incana</em>, <em>C. draba</em> and <em>S. altissimum</em>, respectively. <strong>Conclusion:</strong> Except <em>Cardaria draba</em> with the predominance of G subunits in lignin polymer<em>, Hirschfeldia incana </em>and<em> Sisymbrium altissimum </em>are suitable candidates for bioethanol production.- The Iranian Society of Pharmacognosy
- Shahid Beheshti University of Medical SciencesResearch Journal of Pharmacognosy2345-44584220170401Screening seven Iranian medicinal plants for protective effects against β-Amyloid-induced cytotoxicity in cultured cerebellar granule neurons152244249ENM. SoodiDepartment of Toxicology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.H. HajimehdipoorTraditional Medicine and Materia Medica Research Center and Department of Traditional Pharmacy, School of Traditional Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.Sh. AkbariDepartment of Toxicology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.N. AtaeiDepartment of Toxicology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.Journal Article20171013<strong>Background and objectives: </strong>Alzheimer's disease (AD) as a neurodegenerative disorder is the most common form of dementia in the elderly. According to the amyloid hypothesis, accumulation of amyloid beta (Aβ) plaques, which are mostly constituted of Aβ peptide aggregates, triggers pathological cascades that lead to neuronal cell death. Thus, modulation of Aβ toxicity is the hopeful therapeutic approach for controlling the disease progression. Recently, several studies have indicated promising findings from herbal extracts against Aβ cytotoxicity. The aim of the present study was to assess the protective effect of the methanol extract of seven medicinal plants from Iran on Aβ-induced toxicity in primary neuron culture. <strong>Method:</strong> The methanol extracts of plants were prepared by maceration method. Primary cerebellar granule neurons (CGNs) were taken from male mice at postnatal days 6-7 and cultured in cell culture medium containing 10% FBS and 25 mM KCl. After seven days <em>in vitro</em> (DIV7), the cells were incubated with aggregated Aβ (10 μM) alone or in combination with different concentrations of extracts in the cultured medium for 24 h and cell viability was assessed by MTT assay. <strong>Results:</strong> Our results indicated that <em>Sanguisorba minor, Cerasus microcarpa, Ferulago angulata, Amygdalus scoparia and Rosa canina</em> extracts significantly ameliorated Aβ-induced toxicity which indicated the protective effect of these extracts. Protective effects were not observed for <em>Stachys pilifera and Alhagi pseudalhagi </em>extracts. <strong>Conclusion:</strong> Based on the protective effects of these plants against Aβ-induced toxicity, we recommend greater attention to their use in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.- The Iranian Society of Pharmacognosy
- Shahid Beheshti University of Medical SciencesResearch Journal of Pharmacognosy2345-44584220170401Potent anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of methanol fraction of Otostegia persica extract and its components232944250ENZ. TofighiDepartment of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy and Medicinal Plant Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.S.N. OstadDepartment of Toxicology & Pharmacology and Rational Drug Use Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.S. KhezrrahdoostDepartment of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy and Medicinal Plant Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.H. SalehizadehDepartment of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy and Medicinal Plant Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.N. YassaDepartment of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy and Medicinal Plant Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.Journal Article20161013<strong>Background and objectives: </strong><em>Otostegia persica</em> (Labiatae) is an endemic plant of Iran and is used for its anti-inflammatory properties in folk medicine of Sistan and Baluchestan province. The aim of the present study was to investigate the anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of <em>O. Persica</em> different fractions and identification of the natural compounds from the most active fraction. <strong>Methods:</strong> Total extract of <em>O. Persica</em> was fractionated with petroleum ether (PE), chloroform (CL), ethyl acetate (EA), <em>n</em>-butanol (BU) and methanol (ME). The analgesic activities of different fractions were determined by formalin test. Then, activity of effective fractions was investigated on carrageenan-induced paw edema assay. Finally, the compounds of effective fraction were isolated and their structures were elucidated. <strong>Results:</strong> Anti-nociceptive activity of EA and BU fractions (100 mg/kg) and ME fraction (100 and 200 mg/kg) demonstrated significant difference with normal saline during the second phase of the formalin test. ME fraction showed higher analgesic effects in comparison to indomethacin (<em>p</em><0.05), with IC<sub>50</sub> equal to 85.87 mg/kg. Among EA, BU and ME fractions which were selected for anti-inflammatory investigation, EA could not reduce rat paw edema after 6 h. The swelling inhibition percentage of ME was similar to that induced by indomethacin at the same time (<em>p</em>>0.05). Vicenin-2 and isorhamnetin-3-<em>O</em>-glucoside were elucidated from ME as the effective anti-inflammatory fraction. <strong>Conclusion:</strong> It was concluded that the existence of flavonoids in <em>O. persica</em> extract could play an important role for its anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects similar to various non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS) and inhibitors of nitric oxide synthase (NOS).- The Iranian Society of Pharmacognosy
- Shahid Beheshti University of Medical SciencesResearch Journal of Pharmacognosy2345-44584220170401Secondary metabolites from the roots of Astragalus maximus313844251ENJ. Ghasemian-YadegariDepartment of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.H. NazemiyehDepartment of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.S. HamedeyazdanAstragalus maximus, cycloartane-type saponins, flavonoids, isoquercitrin, liquiritigeninF. FathiazadDepartment of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.Journal Article20161213<strong>Background and objectives: </strong><em>Astragalus</em> is one of the most abundant genera of flowering plants in Iran. There are a few reports on phytochemical investigation of this valuable genus. Saponins, flavonoids and polysaccharides have been reported as the most important metabolites in <em>Astragalus</em> species. In the present research, we aimed to identify the foremost constituents of <em>Astragalus maximus</em>. <strong>Method:</strong> Phytochemical analysis of the ethyl acetate (EtOAc) fraction of <em>Astragalus maximus</em> roots was performed using different methods of chromatography such as HPLC, SPE and preparative TLC. The structures of the isolated compounds were elucidated on the basis of extensive spectral evidence from 1D and 2D NMR including DQF-COSY, HSQC, HMBC, and DEPT, in comparison with reported values in the literature. <strong>Results</strong>: Analysis of the extract yielded three flavonoids namely liquiritigenin, formononetin, isoquercitrin and one acylated cycloartane-type saponin, astragaloside I. <strong>Conclusion</strong>: According to the results of our study, cycloartane-type saponin and flavonoids were the important metabolites in <em>A. maximus</em>.- The Iranian Society of Pharmacognosy
- Shahid Beheshti University of Medical SciencesResearch Journal of Pharmacognosy2345-44584220170401Datura innoxia anti-angiogenesis properties394444252ENB. KhoshkhooDepartment of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Sciences Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran (IAUPS).
Herbal Medicine Research Center, Pharmaceutical Sciences Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran (HMRC).S. Mohammadi MotamedDepartment of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Sciences Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran (IAUPS).M. Hamzeloo-MoghadamTraditional Medicine and Materia Medica Research Center and Department of Traditional Pharmacy, School of Traditional Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.Journal Article20161113<strong>Background and objectives: </strong><em>Datura innoxia</em>Milleris one of the two species of <em>Datura</em> (Solanaceae) which grow in Iran. There are many reports of the biological activities of <em>Datura</em> and in the present study the ability of <em>Datura innoxia</em> for inhibiting angiogenesis was evaluated. <strong>Methods:</strong> The methanol extract and petroleum ether, chloroform and methanol fractions of <em>Datura innoxia </em>flowers were obtained by maceration method. The extract and fractions were further evaluated for their cytotoxicity and anti-angiogenesis properties in HUV-EC-C cells through MTT and wound healing assays, respectively. <strong>Results:</strong> The methanol extract and the petroleum ether, chloroform and methanol fractions were cytotoxic to HUV-EC-C cells (IC<sub>50</sub> 11.25, 63.3, 8.75 and 9.27 μg/mL, respectively). The chloroform fraction demonstrated the most anti-angiogenesis activity in the wound healing assay. <strong>Conclusion:</strong> Evaluating the above activities of the compounds isolated from <em>Datura innoxia</em> might be a proper follow up of the present study.- The Iranian Society of Pharmacognosy
- Shahid Beheshti University of Medical SciencesResearch Journal of Pharmacognosy2345-44584220170401The effect of hydroalcoholic extract of Pistacia vera on pentylenetetrazole-induced kindling in rat455144257ENF. FatehiPhysiology-Pharmacology Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran.I. FatemiPhysiology-Pharmacology Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran.
Physiology-Pharmacology Department, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran.A. ShamsizadehPhysiology-Pharmacology Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran.
Physiology-Pharmacology Department, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran.E. HakimizadehPhysiology-Pharmacology Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran.Gh. BazmandeganDepartment of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.F. KhajehasaniDepartment of Radiology, Rasoul-e-Akram Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.M. RahmaniPhysiology-Pharmacology Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran. Physiology-Pharmacology Department, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran.Journal Article20161013<strong>Background and objectives: </strong>Most antiepileptic drugs that are commonly being used in the clinic have a wide range of unwanted side effects; while some species of pistachioshave been used in the traditional medicine to treat epilepsy. The aim of the present study was to investigate the anticonvulsant effects of the hydroalcoholic extract of <em>Pistacia vera </em>L<em>.</em> in pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced chemical kindling. <strong>Methods:</strong> this study was carried out on 40 male Wistar rats. Chemical kindling was induced by intraperitoneal administration of PTZ (40 mg/kg) on every alternate day (30 days). The hydroalcoholic extract of <em>P. vera</em> (50 and 100 mg/kg) were administered orally every day (30 days). In days which animals received both PTZ and extract, PTZ was injected 30 min after extract administration. Convulsive behavior was observed for 30 min after PTZ injection and scored according to racine scale. Diazepam was used as the reference anticonvulsant drug. <strong>Results:</strong> Pretreatment with 50 and 100 mg/kg of <em>P. vera</em> extract decreased seizure scores, stage 4 latency and stage 5 duration compared to the control group. The anti-epileptic effects of <em>P. vera</em> extract were comparable to diazepam. <strong>Conclusion:</strong> The present findings demonstrated that the hydroalcoholic extract of <em>P. vera</em> may inhibit the development of seizure behavior following chronic PTZ-induced model of epilepsy in rats.- The Iranian Society of Pharmacognosy
- Shahid Beheshti University of Medical SciencesResearch Journal of Pharmacognosy2345-44584220170401Evaluating the effect of α-pinene on motor activity, avoidance memory and lipid peroxidation in animal model of Parkinson disease in adult male rats536344259ENS. GoudarziDepartment of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Izeh Branch, Islamic Azad University, Izeh, Iran.M. RafieiradDepartment of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Izeh Branch, Islamic Azad University, Izeh, Iran.Journal Article20161113<strong>Background and objectives: </strong>Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common neuropathologic disorder that is caused by degeneration of dopaminergic neurons of dense part of nigra. Oxidative stress has been found in the pathophysiology of PD. Since α-pinene has strong anti-oxidant effects, the purpose of this research was to study its effects on movement disorders and memory and lipid peroxidation in PD.<strong> Methods</strong>: Thirty five male rats were divided in 5 groups: control, vehicle, PD (received injection of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)) and Parkinson's groups receiving doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg via gavage for two weeks. Generating animal models for Parkinson was done by intracerebral injection of 6-OHDA in the left side of the brain in medial forebrain bundle (MFB). After the injection, the movement balance of the rats was measured by Rotarod. Memory test was done by shuttle box; their brain was extracted to analyze malondialdehyde (MDA) in striatum, hippocampus and blood.<strong> Results</strong>: The results showed that Parkinson caused, movement disorder (<em>p</em><0.01), avoidance memory reduction (<em>p</em><0.001) and malondialdehyde accumulation in hippocampus (<em>p</em><0.05) and striatum (<em>p</em><0.001) tissues and in blood (<em>p</em><0.001). Administration of 200 and 100 mg/kg α-pinene improved the movement disorder (<em>p</em><0.05). Administration of both doses of 200 and 100mg/kg showed improvement in avoidance memory (<em>p</em><0.001) and (<em>p</em><0.01), respectively. Malondialdehyde showed reduction in striatum (<em>p</em><0.001) and hippocampus (<em>p</em><0.05, <em>p</em><0.001), respectively in the treatment groups after administration of both doses. In the blood, the dose of 200 α-pinene significantly reduced MDA in the tretment group<strong>s. Conclosion</strong>: The results of this research show that α-pinene could reduce the symptoms of PD in rats.<br /> - The Iranian Society of Pharmacognosy
- Shahid Beheshti University of Medical SciencesResearch Journal of Pharmacognosy2345-44584220170401In vitro bioactivity and phytochemical evaluation of extracts from aerial parts of Eremostachys macrophylla Montbr. & Auch. growing in Iran657344260ENP. AsgharianDrug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.A. DelazarDrug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.A.M. VatankhahDrug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.M. JavadzadehBiology Department, Payamnour University, Tehran, Iran.S. AsnaashariBiotechnology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.Journal Article20161013<strong>Background and objectives: </strong>The aerial part extracts of <em>Eremostachys macrophylla </em> from Labiatae family, which has been traditionally used in wound healing, snake bites, rheumatism and joint pains, were investigated for general toxicity, anti-proliferative, free radical scavenging and anti-bacterial effects.Moreover, preliminary phytochemical investigations were carried out on the extracts. <strong>Methods:</strong> Extracts were prepared using a soxhlet apparatus with <em>n</em>-hexane, dichloromethane (DCM) and methanol (MeOH), respectively. Brine shrimp lethality test (BSLT) and 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay were performed to evaluate general toxicity and free radical scavenging properties, respectively. Anti-proliferative and anti-bacterial activities were assessed by 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and disc diffusion methods, respectively.<em> </em>MTT assay was carried out on one normal and two cancer cell lines including human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC), human colorectal adenocarcinoma (HT-29) and human lung carcinoma (A-549), respectively. Additionally, all the extracts were tested for the presence of various phytoconstituents by different reagents. <strong>Results:</strong> The <em>n</em>-hexane extract was the most active fraction in BSLT whereas the MeOH extract showed significant free-radical-scavenging activity. The results indicated that the <em>n</em>-hexane and MeOH extracts possessed anti-proliferative effects against HT-29 cells while all the three extracts were effective against A-549 cell line. None of these three extracts showed any significant effect against HUVEC.The extracts didn’t show any antimicrobial effects against Gram positive, Gram negative and <em>Candida albicans</em> species. <strong>Conclusion:</strong> Considering the results, the species might be a good candidate for further phytochemical and biological studies for the isolation of active and pure ingredients and clarification of anti-neoplastic mechanism.