ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Enhancement of Antibiotic Activity and Reversal of Resistance in Clinically Isolated Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus by Trachyspermum ammi Essential Oil
Background and objectives: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has resulted in a worldwide threat due to the virulence and broad distribution in the hospital and community. Novel antibiotics are required to combat the emergence of multidrug-resistant bacteria such as MRSA. In the present study, the antibacterial activity of Trachyspermum ammi essential oil alone and in combination with fifteen antibiotics of different classes against a standard and five clinical strains of MRSAs was investigated. Methods: Chemical composition of the essential oil was investigated by using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The possible synergistic interaction of several antibiotics in combination with essential oil was screened by disc diffusion method. Interaction of the essential oil and the candidate antibiotic was investigated by checkerboard assay. Results: The essential oil was rich in thymol (74.2%), p-cymene (16%), and γ-terpinene (7.1%). Combination of sub-inhibitory concentrations of essential oil with vancomycin or gentamicin increased their inhibition zones against MRSA ATCC 33591 and clinically isolated MRSAs. All of the clinically isolated MRSAs were resistant to gentamicin, while combination of gentamicin with the essential oil caused augmentation of the antibacterial activity and 4 to 520-fold decrease in gentamicin minimum inhibitory concentrations was observed against different MRSA strains with fractional inhibitory concentration indices ranging from 0.50 to 0.75. Combination of essential oil with ciprofloxacin or imipenem increased the inhibition zones against some clinically isolated MRSAs. Conclusion: Combination of sub-inhibitory concentrations of T. ammi essential oil and gentamicin could be considered as a new choice for treatment of infectious diseases caused by MRSA strains.
https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_80365_43be07ea33906d47ef039e1017d0e0e4.pdf
2019-01-01
1
10
10.22127/rjp.2018.80365
Essential oil
Gentamicin
MRSA
Synergism
Trachyspermum ammi
Mahdi
Vazirian
mehdivazirian@gmail.com
1
Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Medicinal Plants Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
AUTHOR
Khadijeh
Hamidian
hamidi1988kh@yahoo.com
2
Department of Drug and Food Control, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
AUTHOR
Mehrzad
Noorollah
3
Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
AUTHOR
Azadeh
Manayi
azadeh_manayi@yahoo.com
4
Medicinal Plants Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
AUTHOR
Nasrin
Samadi*
5
Department of Drug and Food Control, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Pharmaceutical Quality Assurance Research Center, The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
AUTHOR
[1] Padalia H, Moteriya P, Baravalia Y, Chanda S. Antimicrobial and synergistic effects of some essential oils to fight against microbial pathogens-a review. In: Mendez-Vilas A, Ed. The battle against microbial pathogens: basic science, technological advances and educational programs. Badajoz: Formatex Research Center, 2015.
1
[2] Rosato A, Vitali C, Piarulli M, Mazzotta M, Argentieri MP, Mallamaci R. In vitro synergic efficacy of the combination of nystatin with the essential oils of Origanum vulgare and Pelargonium graveolens against some Candida species. Phytomed. 2009; 16(10): 972-975.
2
[3] Fadli M, Saad A, Sayadi S, Chevalier J, Mezrioui NE, Pagès JM, Hassani L. Antibacterial activity of Thymus maroccanus and Thymus broussonetii essential oils against nosocomial infection-bacteria and their synergistic potential with antibiotics. Phytomed. 2012; 19(5): 464-471.
3
[4] Gandomi H, Abbaszadeh S, JebelliJavan A, Sharifzadeh A. Chemical constituents, antimicrobial and antioxidative effects of Trachyspermum ammi essential oil. J Food Process Preserv. 2014; 38(4): 1690-1695.
4
[5] Samadi N, Abadian N, Ahmadkhaniha R, Amini F, Dalili D, Rastkari N, Safaripour E, Mohseni FA. Structural characterization and surface activities of biogenic rhamnolipid surfactants from Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolate MN1 and synergistic effects against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Folia Microbiol. 2012; 57(6): 501-508.
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[6] Rodríguez-Noriega E, Seas C, Guzman-Blanco M, Mejía C, Alvarez C, Bavestrello L, Zurita J, Labarca J, Luna CM, Salles MJ. Evolution of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus clones in Latin America. Int J Infect Dis. 2010; 14(7): 560-566.
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[7] Hemaiswarya S, Kruthiventi AK, Doble M. Synergism between natural products and antibiotics against infectious diseases. Phytomed. 2008; 15(8): 639-652.
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[8] Rosato A, Vitali C, De Laurentis N, Armenise D, Milillo MA. Antibacterial effect of some essential oils administered alone or in combination with norfloxacin. Phytomed. 2007; 14(11): 727-732.
8
[9] Popruk S, Thima K, Udonsom R, Chiabchalard R, Mahittikorn A, Palukul K, Thepouypom A. Activity of plant essential oils against Giardia duodenalis. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 2017; 48(4): 756-761.
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[10] Fahimi S, Hajimehdipoor H, Shabanpoor H, Bagheri F, Shekarchi M. Synergic antibacterial activity of some essential oils from Lamiaceae. Res J Pharmacogn. 2015; 2(3): 23-29.
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[11] Mehdizadeh T, Hashemzadeh M, Nazarizadeh A, Neyriz-Naghadehi M, Tat M, Ghalavand M, Dorostkar R. Chemical composition and antibacterial properties of Ocimum basilicum, Salvia officinalis and Trachyspermum ammi essential oils alone and in combination with nisin. Res J Pharmacogn. 2016; 3(4): 51-58.
11
[12] Saad A, Fadli M, Bouaziz M, Benharref A, Mezrioui NE, Hassani L. Anticandidal activity of the essential oils of Thymus maroccanus and Thymus broussonetii and their synergism with amphotericin B and fluconazol. Phytomed. 2010; 17(13): 1057-1060.
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[13] Wagner H, Ulrich-Merzenich G. Synergy research: approaching a new generation of phytopharmaceuticals. Phytomed. 2009; 16(2): 97-110.
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[14] Khanavi M, Farahanikia B, Rafiee F, Dalili D, Safaripour E, Ajani Y, Samadi N. Reversal of resistance in MRSA strains by Thymus kotschyanus essential oil. J Essent Oil Bear Plants. 2011; 14(6): 684-692.
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[15] Paul S, Dubey R, Maheswari D, Kang SC. Trachyspermum ammi (L.) fruit essential oil influencing on membrane permeability and surface characteristics in inhibiting food-borne pathogens. Food Control. 2011; 22(5): 725-731.
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[16] Omidpanah S, Vazirian M, Hosseinkhani F, Hadjiakhondi A, Pirali M, Hamedani AM. Antibacterial activity of essential oil of Trachyspermum ammi (L.) Sprague ex Turrill against isolated and standard bacteria. Am J Essent Oil Nat Prod. 2016; 4(2): 5-11.
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[17] Kohoude MJ, Gbaguidi F, Agbani P, Ayedoun MA, Cazaux S, Bouajila J. Chemical composition and biological activities of extracts and essential oil of Boswellia dalzielii leaves. Pharm Biol. 2017; 55(1): 33-42.
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[18] Amsterdam D. Susceptibility testing of antimicrobials in liquid media. In: Lorian V, Ed. Antibiotics in laboratory medicine. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1996.
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[19] Turnidge JD, Bell JM. Susceptibility testing of antimicrobials on solid media. In: Lorian V, Ed. Antibiotics in laboratory medicine. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1996.
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[20] Teow SY, Ali SA. Synergistic antibacterial activity of Curcumin with antibiotics against Staphylococcus aureus. Pak J Pharm Sci. 2015; 28(6): 2109-2114.
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[21] Sopirala MM, Mangino JE, Gebreyes WA, Biller B, Bannerman T, Balada-Llasat JM, Pancholi P. Synergy testing by Etest, microdilution checkerboard, and time-kill methods for pan-drug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2010; 54(11): 4678-4683.
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[23] Branen JK, Davidson PM. Enhancement of nisin, lysozyme, and monolaurin antimicrobial activities by ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid and lactoferrin. Int J Food Microbiol. 2004; 90(1): 63-74.
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[24] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Laboratory detection of: oxacillin/methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. [Accessed 2013].Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/hai/settings/lab/lab_mrsa.html.
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[25] Moein MR, Zomorodian K, Pakshir K, Yavari F, Motamedi M, Zarshenas MM. Trachyspermum ammi (L.) Sprague chemical composition of essential oil and antimicrobial activities of respective fractions. J Evid Based Complement Altern Med. 2015; 20(1): 50-56.
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[26] Hassanshahian M, Bayat Z, Saeidi S, Shiri Y. Antimicrobial activity of Trachyspermum ammi essential oil against human bacterial. Int J Adv Biol Biomed Res. 2014; 2(1): 18-24.
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[27] Townsend D, Ashdown N, Greed L, Grubb W. Transposition of gentamicin resistance to staphylococcal plasmids encoding resistance to cationic agents. J Antimicrob Chemother. 1984; 14(2): 115-124.
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[28] Tsuji BT, Rybak MJ. Short-course gentamicin in combination with daptomycin or vancomycin against Staphylococcus aureus in an in vitro pharmacodynamic model with simulated endocardial vegetations. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2005; 49(7): 2735-2745.
28
[29] Lee YS, Kang OH, Choi JG, Oh YC, Chae HS, Kim JH, Park H, Sohn DH, Wang ZT, Kwon DY. Synergistic effects of the combination of galangin with gentamicin against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. J Microbiol. 2008; 46(3): 283-288.
29
[30] Veras HN, Rodrigues FF, Colares AV, Menezes IR, Coutinho HD, Botelho MA, Costa JG. Synergistic antibiotic activity of volatile compounds from the essential oil of Lippia sidoides and thymol. Fitoterapia. 2012; 83(3): 508-512.
30
[31] Rodrigues FF, Costa JG, Coutinho HD. Synergy effects of the antibiotics gentamicin and the essential oil of Croton zehntneri. Phytomed. 2009; 16(11): 1052-1055.
31
[32] Delgado B, Fernández PS, Palop A, Periago PM. Effect of thymol and cymene on Bacillus cereus vegetative cells evaluated through the use of frequency distributions. Food Microbiol. 2004; 21(3): 327-334.
32
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Pharmacognostic and Elemental Analysis of the Leaves of Tapinanthus globifer (A. Rich). Tiegh
Background and objectives: Tapinanthus globifer is a semi-parasite plant that mostly grows on the branches of the host tree species of the genera Vitellaria, Kola, Citrus, Combretum, Acacia, and Terminalia. The leaf is known for its use in traditional medicine to treat inflammations, malaria, headaches, bacterial infections, ulcers and diabetes mellitus. The current study was aimed to establish standards on purity, identity and quality control of T. globifer. Methods: The pharmacognostic standardization of the leaf was assessed to determine the macroscopic/organoleptic features, microscopical and chemo-microscopical analysis as well as physico-chemical parameters, fluorescence analysis and elemental content. Results: The leaf was found to be simple, petiolated 10.0 cm long and 4.4 cm wide. Microscopically, the leaf had irregularly shaped epidermal cells with numerous paracytic stomata on the lower surface. It was devoid of trichomes of any kind; however, it possessed clusters of calcium oxalate crystals. The vascular bundles were of concentric type with fitted xylem vessels. Fluorescence analysis of the powdered leaf revealed the presence of yellow colorations under long wavelength. Elemental analysis showed the presence of magnesium, sodium, potassium, phosphorus, zinc, manganese, iron, nitrogen, sulphur, calcium and copper. Physico-chemical parameters (%w/w) such as moisture content (5.53), total ash content (8.40), water soluble ash content (2.10), acid insoluble ash content (1.20), ethanol extractives (25.60) and water soluble extractives (32.4) were also determined. Conclusion: It is hoped that these findings will be useful towards establishing standards on identity, purity, quality and preparation of monogragh of the drug obtained from the leaves of T. globifer.
https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_80366_79f768518e193051a88426dc4e8b98d5.pdf
2019-01-01
11
18
10.22127/rjp.2018.80366
Elemental Analysis
microscopy
pharmacognostic standardization
physico-chemical standards
Tapinanthus globifer
Celestine
Jeremiah*
1
Department of Pharmacognosy and Drug Development, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria.
AUTHOR
Umar Adam
Katsayal
2
Department of Pharmacognosy and Drug Development, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria.
AUTHOR
Aliyu
Nuhu
naliyu007@yahoo.com
3
Department of Pharmacognosy and Drug Development, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria.
AUTHOR
Hadiza
Dijie Nuhu
4
Department of Pharmacognosy and Drug Development, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria.
AUTHOR
[1] World Health Organization. Quality control methods for medicinal plants. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2011.
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[2] Chanda S. Importance of pharmacognostic study of medicinal plants: an overview. J pharmacogn phytochem. 2014; 2(5): 503-514.
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[3] Ghani A. Introduction to pharmacognosy. Zaria: Ahmadu Bello University Press Ltd, 1990.
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[4] Heinrich M. Ethnobotany and its role in drug development. Phytother Res. 2000; 14(7): 479-488.
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[7] Mann A, Ifarajimi OR, Adewoye AT, Ukam C, Udeme E, Okorie E. In vivo antitrypanosomal effects of some ethnomedicinal plants from Nupeland of north central Nigeria. Afr J Trad Complement Altern Med. 2011; 8(1): 15-21.
7
[8] Misra LN, Wouatsa NA, Kumar S, Venkatesh R, Tchoumbougnang F. Antibacterial, cytotoxic activities and chemical composition of fruits of two Cameroonian Zanthoxylum species. J Ethnopharmacol. 2013; 148(1): 74-80.
8
[9] Adekunle AS, Oluba A, Babatola LJ, Kamdem JP, Adesokan A. Antiatherogenic, hypolipidemic and anti-inflammatory benefits of black tea and Zanthozylum zanthoxyloides. Br J Med Res. 2014; 4(9): 1923-1937.
9
[10] Vyry WNA, Misra LN, Venkatesh KR, Darokar MP, Tchoumbougnang F. Zantholic acid, a new monoterpenoid from Zanthoxylum zanthoxyloides. Nat Prod Res. 2013; 27(21): 1994-1998.
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[11] Sumitra C. Importance of pharmacognostic study of medicinal plants: an overview. J Pharmacogn Phytochem. 2014; 2(5): 69-73.
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[13] Evans WC. Trease and Evans pharmocognosy. 16th ed. St. Louis: Elsevier’s Ltd., 2009.
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15
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[28] Prag AP, Bhanu R. Multi-elemental determination in metanolic soxhlet leaf extract of Semecarpus anacardium (Linn.F.) by ICP-AES technique. Asian J Pharm Clin Res. 2013; 6(3): 132-137.
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30
nt-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-theme-font:major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'>[32] Delgado B, Fernández PS, Palop A, Periago PM. Effect of thymol and cymene on Bacillus cereus vegetative cells evaluated through the use of frequency distributions. Food Microbiol. 2004; 21(3): 327-334.
31
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Antioxidant Activity and Cardioprotective Effect of Potentilla reptans L. via Ischemic Preconditioning (IPC)
Background and objectives: Potentilla reptans L. from Rosaceae family is used as traditional medicine in Iran and other countries. Previous investigations on Potentilla species have reported strong antioxidant activity and cardioprotective effect. In this study, antioxidant activity of aerial parts and root of Potentilla reptans, and the cardio protective role of its root on preconditioning ischemia reperfusion injury have been investigated. Methods: Antioxidant activity of aerial parts and root of this plant were measured by DPPH and FRAP methods and its total phenolics content was estimated by Folin-Ciocalteu assay. Catechin was isolated from ethyl acetate fraction by Paper chromatography. Cardioprotective role of P. reptans root were evaluated by thirty five rats in five groups.The hearts were subjected to 30 minutes of ischemia and 100 minutes of reperfusion. The ischemic preconditioning (IPC) protocol was applied before the main ischemia. The myocardial infarct size was estimated by triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining. The hemodynamic parameters, arrhythmia scoring and coronary flow were measured during reperfusion. Results: Potentilla reptans root showed stronger antioxidant activity and total phenolics content compared to the aerial parts. Total extract of root significantly decreased the infarct size and increased coronary flow in a concentration-dependent manner. Conclusion: Our results showed that the protective effects of Potentilla reptans root appeared by its phenolic compounds and reactive oxygen species (ROS) inhibition mechanism.
https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_80367_09a2ec7e84f9c75ed7cb4dcb9c248e46.pdf
2019-01-01
19
27
10.22127/rjp.2018.80367
Antioxidant
ischemic preconditioning
ischemia-reperfusion
Potentilla reptans L
Ayesheh
Enayati
1
Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
AUTHOR
Vahid
Khori
2
Ischemic Disorders Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran.
AUTHOR
Yousef
Saeedi
3
Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon, Portugal.
AUTHOR
Narguess
Yassa*
4
Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Medicinal Plants Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
AUTHOR
[1] Ertter B, Attar F. Changes to Potentilla s.l. (Rosaceae) in Flora Iranica. Rostaniha. 2007; 7(S2): 299-314.
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[2] Faghir MB, Attar F, Ertter B. Foliar anatomy of the genus Potentilla L. (Rosaceae) in Iran and its taxonomic implication. Iran J Sci Technol.2011; 35(3): 243-256.
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[6] Tomczyk M, Latté KP. Potentilla- a review of its phytochemical and pharmacological profile. J Ethnopharmacol. 2009; 122(2): 184-204.
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[7] Gurbuz I, Ozkan AM, Yesilada E, Kutsal O. Anti-ulcerogenic activity of some plants used in folk medicine of Pinarbasi (Kayseri, Turkey). J Ethnopharmacol. 2005; 101(1-3): 313-318.
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[9] Tomovic MT, Cupara SM, Popovic-Milenkovic MT, Ljujic BT, Kostic MJ, Jankovic SM. Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity of Potentilla reptans L. Acta Pol Pharm.2015; 72(1): 137-145.
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[11] Li JY, Li Y, Gong HY, Zhao XB, Li LZ. Protective effects of n-butanol extract of Potentilla anserina on acute myocardial ischemic injury in mice. Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Xue Bao. 2009; 7(1): 48-52.
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[12] Qin X, Lv Q, Zhang X, Chen F, Li L, Zhang Y. Study on protective effect of alcohol extract of Potentilla anserinea against acute myocardial ischemia/reperfusion-induced myocardial apoptosis in rats. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi. 2012; 37(9): 1279-1284.
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[13] Jankowski MHF, Kawas SA, Mukaddam-Daher S, Hoffman G, McCann SM, Gutkowska J. Rat heart: a site of oxytocin production and action. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1998; 95(24): 14558-14563.
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[14] Hausenloy DJ. Signalling pathways in ischaemic postconditioning. Thromb Haemost. 2009; 101(4): 626-634.
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[16] Tomczyk M, Pleszczyńska M, Adrian Wiater A. Variation in total polyphenolics contents of aerial parts of Potentilla species and their anticariogenic activity. Molecules. 2010; 15(7): 4639-4651.
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[17] Yassa N, Masoomi F, Rohani Rankouhi SE, Hadjiakhoondi A. Chemical composition and antioxidant activity of the extract and essential oil of Rosa damascena from Iran, population of Guilan. Daru J Pharm Sci. 2009; 17(3): 175-180.
17
[18] Mehdipour S, Yasa N, Dehghan Gh, Khorasani R, Mohammadirad A, Rahimi R, Abdollahi M. Antioxidant potentials of Iranian Carica papaya juice in vitro and in vivo are comparable to α-tocopherol. Phytother Res. 2006; 20(7): 591-594.
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[20] Zengin G, Menghini L, Malatesta L, De Luca E, Bellagamba G, Uysal S, Aktumsek A, Locatelli M. Comparative study of biological activities and multicomponent pattern of two wild Turkish species: Asphodeline anatolica and Potentilla speciosa. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem. 2016; 31(S1): 203-208.
20
[21] Polshekan M, Jamialahmadi K, Khori V, Alizadeh AM, Saeidi M, Ghayour-Mobarhan M, Jand Y, Ghahremani MH, Yazdani Y. RISK pathway is involved in oxytocin post conditioning in isolated rat heart. Peptides. 2016; 86(1): 55-62.
21
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[23] Li J, Li L, Gong H, Li Z, Zhang X. Effect of Potentilla anserina L. on cardiomyocyte apoptosis induced by hypoxia. Chin J Geriatr Heart Brain Vessel Dis. 2007; 9(9): 619-622.
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24
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29
[30] Polshekan M, Khori V, Alizadeh AM, Ghayour-Mobarhan M, Saeidi M, Jand Y, Rajaei M, Farnoosh GR, Jamialahmadi KH. The SAFE pathway is involved in the postconditioning mechanism of oxytocin in isolated rat heart. Peptides. In press.
30
[31] Kruger MJ, Davies N, Myburgh KH, Lecour S. Proanthocyanidins, anthocyanins and cardiovascular diseases. Food Res Int. 2014; 59(1): 41-52.
31
[32] Mattera R, Benvenuto M, Giganti MG, Tresoldi I, Pluchinotta FR, Bergante S, Tettamanti G, Masuelli L, Manzari V, Modesti A, Bei R. Effects of polyphenols on oxidative stress-mediated injury in cardiomyocytes. Nutrients. 2017; 9(5): 3-43.
32
[33] He H, Xu J, Xu Y, Zhang C, Wang H, He Y, Wang T, Yuan D. Cardioprotective effects of saponins from Panax japonicus on acute myocardial ischemia against oxidative stress-triggered damage and cardiac cell death in rats. J Ethnopharmacol. 2012; 140(1): 73-82.
33
[34] Uysal S, Zengin G, Locatelli M, Bahadori MB, Mocan A, Bellagamba G, De Luca E, Mollica A, Aktumsek A. Cytotoxic and enzyme inhibitory potential of two Potentilla species (P. speciosa L. and P. reptans Willd.) and their chemical composition. Front Pharmacol. 2017; 8: 1-11.
34
[35] Wallerath T, Li H. Godtel-Ambrust U, Schwarz PM, Forstermann U. A blend of polyphenolic compounds explains the stimulatory effect of red wine on human endothelial NO synthase. Nitric Oxide. 2005; 12(2): 97-104.
35
[36] Wallerath T, Deckert G, Ternes T, Anderson H, Li H, Witte K, Forstermann U. Resveratrol, a polyphenolic phytoalexin present in red wine, enhances expression and activity of endothelial nitric oxide synthase. Circulation. 2002; 106(13): 1652-1658.
36
[37] Naseem SA, Kontos MC, Rao PS, Jesse RL, Hess ML, Kukreja RC. Sustained inhibition of nitric oxide by NG-nitro-L-arginine improves myocardial function following ischemia/reperfusion in isolated perfused rat heart. J Mol Cell Cardiol. 1995; 27(1): 419-426.
37
[38] Khori V, Davarian A, Nayebpour M, Saleki S, Salehi A, Shirafkan A, Badaghabadi F, Pourabouk M, Alizadeh A, Changiz S. Effect of nitric oxide modulation on the basic and rate-dependent electrophysiological properties of AV-node in the isolated heart of rabbit: the role of adrenergic and cholinergic receptors. Physiol Pharmacol. 2010; 14(1): 12-22.
38
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Ameliorative Effects of Pistacia atlantica Resin Oil on Experimentally-Induced Skin Burn in Rat
Background and objectives: Severe burn damage and its consequences are life threatening which can complicate patients’ health. Burn damage increases reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation which leads to severe damage to tissues and is implicated in burn shock. Some medicinal and traditional plants are considered as safe, natural and inexpensive sources for treatment of different of diseases. Pistacia atlantica has shown anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant properties and has also been used traditionally as an ointment for wound healing in some parts of Iran. In this study, the beneficial effect of P. atlantica resin oil on rats’ burn wound healing and its potential effects on vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), hydroxyproline and antioxidants in wound area was examined. Methods: Thirty male rats (200±10 g) were randomly and divided into three groups (n=10) as follow: Group 1: burn injury, Group 2: burn injury receiving 300 μL/kg/day P. atlantica resin oil topically, Group 3: burn injury receiving 300 mg/kg/day sulfadiazine cream topically. At the end of the study (day 14) the area of wounds were measured and then skins with burn damage were dissected and anti-oxidative parameters, VEGF and hydroxyproline were evaluated. Results: We found that Pistacia Atlantica oil significantly increased antioxidant defense, VEGF and hydroxyproline and reduced malondialdehyde (MDA) levels. Pistacia atlantica remarkably reduced wound size compared to burn the control group and showed more beneficial effects compared to sulfadiazine as the positive control. Conclusion: Pistacia atlantica resin oil could be considered as a new therapeutic agent for treatment of injuries such as burn damages.
https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_80368_ab0d349dd201c52005d4329dba545eae.pdf
2019-01-01
29
34
10.22127/rjp.2018.80368
antioxidants
Injury
Malondialdehyde
Pistacia
Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor
Beydolah
Shahouzehi*
1
Cardiology Research Center, Institute of Basic and Clinical Physiology Sciences, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran. Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
AUTHOR
Gholamreza
Sepehri
sepehrigh55@yahoo.com
2
Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
AUTHOR
Sakine
Sadeghiyan
3
Neuroscience Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
AUTHOR
Yaser
Masoumi-Ardakani
4
Physiology Research Center, Institute of Basic and Clinical Physiology Sciences, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
AUTHOR
[1] MacKay D, Miller AL. Nutritional support for wound healing. Altern Med Rev. 2003; 8(4): 359-377.
1
[2] Arturson G. Pathophysiology of the burn wound and pharmacological treatment. Burns. 1996; 22(4): 255-274.
2
[3] Dai T, Huang YY, Sharma SK, Hashmi JT, Kurup DB, Hamblin MR. Topical antimicrobials for burn wound infections. Recent Pat Antiinfect Drug Discov. 2010; 5(2): 124-151.
3
[4] Drake DJ, Little CD. Exogenous vascular endothelial growth factor induces malformed and hyperfused vessels during embryonic neovascularization. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 1995; 92(17): 7657-7661.
4
[5] Galiano RD, Tepper OM, Pelo CR, Bhatt KA, Callaghan M, Bastidas N, Bunting S, Steinmetz HG, Gurtner GC. Topical vascular endothelial growth factor accelerates diabetic wound healing through increased angiogenesis and by mobilizing and recruiting bone marrow-derived cells. Am J Pathol. 2004; 164(6):1935-1947.
5
[6] Dunphy JE, Udupa KN, Edwards LC. Wound Healing, a new perspective with particular reference to ascorbic acid deficiency. Ann Surg. 1956; 144(3): 304-316.
6
[7] Kalantar M, Goudarzi M, Foruozandeh H, Siahpoosh A, Khodayar MJ, Mahmoodi Koshkghazi S. The topical effect of Cappariss spinosa L. extract on burnwound healing. Jundishapur J Nat Pharm Prod. 2016; Article ID e35690.
7
[8] Afshar M, Ghaderi R, Zardast M, Delshad P. Effects of topical emu oil on burn wounds in the skin of Balb/c mice. Dermatol Res Pract. 2016; Article ID 6419216.
8
[9] Bozorgi M, Memariani Z, Mobli M, Salehi Surmaghi MH, Shams-Ardekani MR, Rahimi R. Five Pistacia species (P. vera, P. atlantica, P. terebinthus, P. khinjuk, and P. lentiscus): a review of their traditional uses, phytochemistry, and pharmacology. Sci World J. 2013; Article ID 219815.
9
[10] Minaiyan M, Karimi F, Ghannadi A. Anti-inflammatory effect of Pistacia atlantica subsp. kurdica volatile oil and gum on acetic acid-induced acute colitis in rat. Res J Pharmacogn. 2015; 2(2): 1-12.
10
[11] Delazar A, Reid RG, Sarker SD. GC-MS analysis of the essential oil from the oleoresin of Pistacia atlantica var. mutica. Chem Nat Compd. 2004; 40(1): 24-27.
11
[12] Gourine N, Yousfi M, Bombarda I, Nadjemi B, Stocker P, Gaydou EM. Antioxidant activities and chemical composition of essential oil of Pistacia atlantica from Algeria. Ind Crops Prod. 2010; 31(2): 203-208.
12
[13] Taran M, Mohebali M, Esmaeli J. In vivo efficacy of gum obtained Pistacia atlantica in experimental treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis. Iranian J Publ Health. 2020; 39(1): 36-41.
13
[14] Rezaie M, Farhoosh R, Sharifi A, Asili J, Iranshahi M. Chemical composition, antioxidant and antibacterial properties of Bene (Pistacia atlantica subsp. mutica) hull essential oil. J Food Sci Technol. 2015; 52(10): 6784-6790.
14
[15] Ghalem BR, Mohamed B. Essential oil from gum of Pistacia atlantica Desf.: Screening of antimicrobial activity. Afr J Pharm Pharmacol. 2009; 3(3): 87-91.
15
[16] Shahouzehi B, Shabani M, Shahrokhi N, Sadeghiyan S, Masoumi-Ardakani Y. Effects of Pistacia atlantica resin oil on the level of VEGF, hydroxyproline, antioxidant and wound healing activity in STZ-induced diabetic rats. Ukr Biochem J. 2018; 90(1): 34-41.
16
[17] Peksel A, Arisan I, Yanardag R. Radical scavenging and anti-acetylcholinesterase activities of aqueous extract of wild pistachio (Pistacia atlantica Desf.) leaves. Food Sci Biotechnol. 2013; 22(2): 515-522.
17
[18] Sharifi MS, Hazell SL. GC-MS analysis and antimicrobial activity of the essential oil of the trunk exudates from Pistacia atlantica kurdica. J Pharm Sci Res. 2011; 3(8): 1364-1367.
18
[19] Abdel Hamid AAM, Soliman MFM. Effect of topical Aloe vera on the process of healing of full-thickness skin burn: a histological and immune histochemical study. J Histol Histopathol. 2015; 2(3): 1-9.
19
[20] Haghdoost F, Baradaran Mahdavi MM, Zandifar A, Sanei MH, Zolfaghari B, Haghjooy Javanmard S. Pistacia atlantica resin has a dose-dependent effect on angiogenesis and skin burn wound healing in rat. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2013; Article ID 893425.
20
[21] Mehrabani M, Seyyedkazemi SM, Nematollahi MH, Jafari E, Mehrabani M, Mehdipour M, Sheikhshoaee Z, Mandegary A. Accelerated burn wound closure in mice with a new formula based on traditional medicine. Iran Red Crescent Med J. 2016; 18(11): 1-9.
21
[22] Barrero AF, Herrador MM, Arteaga JF, Akssira M, Mellouki F, Belgarrabe A, Blazquez MA. Chemical composition of the essential oils of Pistacia atlantica Desf. J Essent Oil Res. 2005; 17(1): 52-54.
22
[23] Farahpour MR, Mirzakhani N, Doostmohammadi J, Ebrahimzadeh M. Hydroethanolic Pistacia atlantica hulls extract improved wound healing process; evidence for mast cells infiltration, angiogenesis and RNA stability. Int J Surg. 2015; 17: 88-98.
23
[24] Bahmani M, Saki K, Asadbeygi M, Adineh A, Saberianpour S, Rafieian-Kopaei M, Bahmani F, Bahmani E. The effects of nutritional and medicinal mastic herb (Pistacia atlantica). J Chem Pharm Res. 2015; 7(1): 646-653.
24
[25] Memariani Z, Sharifzadeh M, Bozorgi M, Hajimahmoodi M, Farzaei MH, Gholami M, Siavoshi F, Saniee P. Protective effect of essential oil of Pistacia atlantica Desf. on peptic ulcer: role of α-pinene. J Tradit Chin Med. 2017; 37(1): 57-63.
25
[26] Benhammou N, Bekkara FA, Panovska TK. Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of the Pistacia lentiscus and Pistacia atlantica extracts. Afr J Pharm Pharmacol. 2008; 2(2): 22-28.
26
[27] Koizumi T, Goto H, Tanaka H, Yamaguchi Y, Shimazaki S. Lecithinized superoxide dismutase suppresses free radical substrates during the early phase of burn care in rats. J Burn Care Res. 2009; 30(2): 321-328.
27
[28] Ilango K, Chitra V. Wound healing and anti-oxidant activities of the fruit pulp of Limonia acidissima Linn (Rutaceae) in rats. Trop J Pharm Res. 2010; 9(3): 223-230.
28
[29] Hamidi SA, Tabatabaeinejad A, Oryan A, Tabandeh MR, Tanideh N, Nazifi S. Cutaneous wound healing after topical application of Pistacia atlantica gel formulation in rats. Turk J Pharm Sci. 2017; 14(1): 65-74.
29
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Cicer arietinum in the Treatment of Small Renal Stones: a Double-Blind, Randomized and Placebo-Controlled Trial
Background and objectives: Urolithiasis is a common urological disorder. Based on the Persian medicine literatures, Cicer arietinum has a potential to dissolve renal stones. This study was designed to assess the efficacy and safety of Cicer arietinum in patients with renal stone. Methods: The extract of C. arietinum seeds was spray dried. A randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled study was conducted on 74 patients with 6-10 mm renal stones in ultrasonography. Patients were randomly assigned to take 330 mg of C. arietinum extract or placebo capsules three times a day for 30 days. Complete stone dissolution and the change in stone size during the trial was evaluated by ultrasonography. To assess the efficacy and safety of C. arietinum, blood and urine biochemical parameters were checked at baseline and after the intervention. Results: In the C. arietinum group, complete stone dissolution occurred in 9 (23.7%) patients and reduce in stone size was observed in 17 (44.7%) patients while no response to treatment was observed in placebo group. The mean stone size was reduced from 7.15 ± 1.34 mm to 4.28 ± 3.09 mm in the C. arietinum group (p<0.001) and was increased from 7.08 ± 1.09 mm to 7.15 ±1.09 mm in the placebo group (p=0.13). The changes of the stone size were significantly higher in the drug consumergroup(p˂0.001). The changes of the urinary volume and magnesium level were significantlyhigher in the treatmentgroup (P=0.04 and P=0.02, respectively). Conclusion: Cicer arietinum extract could be an effective and safe treatment option for patients with 6-10 mm renal stones.
https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_80369_008d01208868b4fc613adacd35698aa5.pdf
2019-01-01
35
42
10.22127/rjp.2018.80369
Cicer arietinum
Clinical trial
Iranian traditional medicine
kidney calculi
Mahdi
Biglarkhani
mahdibiglarkhani@gmail.com
1
Research Institute for Islamic and Complementary Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Department of Persian Medicine, School of Persian Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Department of Persian Medicine, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
AUTHOR
Mohammad Ali
Amir Zargar
dr_amirzargar@yahoo.com
2
Department of Persian Medicine, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran. Urology and Nephrology Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
AUTHOR
Fataneh
Hashem-Dabaghian
fataneh.dabaghian@yahoo.com
3
Research Institute for Islamic and Complementary Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Department of Persian Medicine, School of Persian Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
AUTHOR
Farshad
Amini Behbahani
aminibehbehani.f@iums.ac.ir
4
Research Institute for Islamic and Complementary Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Department of Persian Medicine, School of Persian Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
AUTHOR
Azam
Meyari
d_a_meyari@yahoo.com
5
Department of Persian Medicine, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran. Department of Traditional Medicine, School of Traditional Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
AUTHOR
Omid
Sadeghpour*
6
Research Institute for Islamic and Complementary Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Department of Persian Pharmacy, School of Persian Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
AUTHOR
[1] Sohgaura A, Bigoniya P. A review on epidemiology and etiology of renal Stone. Am J Drug Discov Dev.. 2017; 7(2): 54-62.
1
[2] Atmani F. Medical management of urolithiasis, what opportunity for phytotherapy. Front Biosci. 2003; 8(6): 507-514.
2
[3] Romero V, Akpinar H, Assimos DG. Kidney stones: a global picture of prevalence, incidence, and associated risk factors. Rev Urol. 2010; 12(2-3): 86-96.
3
[4] Alatab S, Pourmand G, El Howairis MF, Buchholz N, Najafi I, Pourmand MR, Mashhadi R, Pourmand N. National profiles of urinary calculi: a comparison between developing and developed worlds. Iran J Kidney Dis. 2016; 10(2): 51-61.
4
[5] Panigrahi PN, Dey S, Jena SC. Urolithiasis: critical analysis of mechanism of renal stone formation and use of medicinal plants as antiurolithiatic agents. Asian J Anim Vet Adv. 2016; 11(1): 9-16.
5
[6] Portis AJ, Sundaram CP. Diagnosis and initial management of kidney stones. Am Fam Physician. 2001; 63(7): 1329-1340.
6
[7] Butterweck V, Khan SR. Herbal medicines in the management of urolithiasis: alternative or complementary? Planta Med. 2009; 75(10): 1095-1103.
7
[8] Taie K, Jasemi M, Khazaeli D, Fatholahi A. Prevalence and management of complications of ureteroscopy: a seven-year experience with introduction of a new maneuver to prevent ureteral avulsion. Urol J. 2012; 9(1): 356-360.
8
[9] Mousavi-Bahar SH, Mehrabi S, Moslemi MK. Percutaneous nephrolithotomy complications in 671 consecutive patients: a single-center experience. Urol J. 2011; 8(4): 271-276.
9
[10] Dellabella M, Milanese G, Muzzonigro G. Randomized trial of the efficacy of tamsulosin, nifedipine and phloroglucinol in medical expulsive therapy for distal ureteral calculi. J Urol. 2005; 174(1): 167-172.
10
[11] Mikawlrawng K, Kumar S. Current scenario of urolithiasis and the use of medicinal plants as antiurolithiatic agents in Manipur (North East India): a review. Int J Herb Med. 2014; 2(1): 1-12.
11
[12] Tiwari A, Soni V, Londhe V, Bhandarkar A, Bandawane D, Nipate S. An overview on potent indigenous herbs for urinary tract infirmity: urolithiasis. Asian J Pharm Clin Res. 2012; 5(1): 7-12.
12
[13] Segev A, Badani H, Kapulnik Y, Shomer I, Oren‐Shamir M, Galili S. Determination of polyphenols, flavonoids, and antioxidant capacity in colored chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). J Food Sci. 2010; 75(2): 115-119.
13
[14] Matovu HA, Muyanja C, Byenkya S. The proximate and chemical composition of improved chickpea cultivars grown under the pure stand and banana intercrop systems in South Western Uganda agro ecological zone. Afr J Food Agric Nutr Dev. 2015; 15(5): 10474-10490.
14
[15] Mula M, Gonzales F, Mula R, Gaur P, Gonzales I, Dar W, Eusebio JE, Ilao SSL. Chickpea (Garbanzos): an emerging crop for the rainfed and dryland areas of the Philippines. 1st ed. Andhra Pradesh: International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, 2011.
15
[16] Al-Snafi AE. The medical importance of Cicer arietinum -a review. IOSR J Pharm. 2016; 6(3): 29-40.
16
[17] Bueckert RA, Thavarajah D, Thavarajah P, Pritchard J. Phytic acid and mineral micronutrients in field-grown chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) cultivars from western Canada. Eur Food Res Technol. 2011; 233(2): 203-212.
17
[18] Jukanti AK, Gaur PM, Gowda C, Chibbar RN. Nutritional quality and health benefits of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.): a review. Br J Nutr. 2012; 108(1): 11-26.
18
[19] Rhazes M. Al-Hawi fi'l-tibb [The Liber Continent]. 1st ed. Afsharypour S, (Trans.). Tehran: Academy of Medical Sciences, 2005.
19
[20] Avicenna. Al-qanun fi al-tibb [The Canon of Medicine]. Beirut: Dar Ehia Al-Tourath Al-Arabi, 2005.
20
[21] Banda SDT, Ravi Kumar V, Sirmanth Kumar N, Santhoshi K. Evaluation of anti duretic and anti nephrolithiatic activities of ethanolic seeds extract of Cicer arietinum in experimental rats. Int J Pharm Res Dev. 2014; 5(12): 9-12.
21
[22] Schulz KF, Altman DG, Moher D. CONSORT 2010 statement: updated guidelines for reporting parallel group randomized trials. Ann Intern Med. 2010; 152(11): 726-732.
22
[23] Singleton VL, Rossi JA. Colorimetry of total phenolics with phosphomolybdic-phosphotungstic acid reagents. Am J Enol Vitic. 1965; 16(3): 144-158.
23
[24] Patel P, Patel M, Saralai M, Gandhi T. Antiurolithiatic effects of Solanum xanthocarpum fruit extract on ethylene-glycol-induced nephrolithiasis in rats. J Young Pharm. 2012; 4(3): 164-170.
24
[25] Ghelani H, Chapala M, Jadav P. Diuretic and antiurolithiatic activities of an ethanolic extract of Acorus calamus L. rhizome in experimental animal models. J Tradit Complement Med. 2016; 6(4): 431-436.
25
[26] Mohsenzadeh A, Ahmadipour S, Ahmadipour S, Eftekhari Z. A review of medicinal herbs affects the kidney and bladder stones of children and adults in traditional medicine and ethno-botany of Iran. Der Pharm Lett. 2015; 7(12): 279-284.
26
[27] Ahmed S, Hasan MM, Mahmood Z. Globally used antiurolithiatic plants of family Asteraceae: Historical background, mechanism of action, therapeutic spectrum, formulations with doses. J Pharmacogn Phytochem. 2017; 6(3): 394-402.
27
[28] Li X, Liang Q, Sun Y, Diao L, Qin Z, Wang W, Lu J, Fu S, Ma B, Yue Z. Potential mechanisms responsible for the antinephrolithic effects of an aqueous extract of Fructus aurantii. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2015; Article ID 491409.
28
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Immunomodulatory and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Scrophularia megalantha Ethanol Extract on an Experimental Model of Multiple Sclerosis
Background and objectives: Scrophularia megalantha is a native Iranian plant. In folk remedies, the species of the genus are used to treat stomach ulcers, goiter, eczema, cancer, psoriasis, and gall; however, there is not much research about S. megalantha. The current study aimed at evaluating the therapeutic effect of Scrophularia megalantha, a medicinal plant of Iran, on myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein 35-55 (MOG)-induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) as a model of multiple sclerosis (MS). Methods: The ethanol 80% extract of S. megalantha aerial parts was prepared by maceration method. The extract (100 mg/kg/day) was administered to C57BL/6 mice immunized with MOG (35-55) for 7 days, 3 weeks after EAE induction. The mice brain was removed and Hematoxylin-Eosin (H&E) was used to stain the sections. Moreover, spleen mononuclear cells from extract-treated or non-treated of EAE model mice were stimulated with MOG peptide and then culture supernatants were evaluated for IFN-ɣ, IL-17 and IL-10 cytokines using Enzyme-Linked Immuno Sorbent Assay (ELISA) kits. Results: Based on the obtained results, treatment with Scrophularia megalantha areal part extract significantly reduced inflammatory cells infiltration in the central nervous system (CNS) and also the disease severity in the experimental model of MS. Also, findings of the current study indicated that treatment with this medicinal plant in EAE mice model significantly decreased inflammatory cytokines including IFN-ɣ and IL-17 and vice versa significantly increased IL-10 as anti-inflammatory cytokine compared with non-treated of EAE model mice group. Conclusion: Scrophularia megalantha attenuated EAE by suppressing IFN-ɣ and IL-17 production and also increasing IL-10 cytokine. These findings suggested that this medicinal plant has the anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects.
https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_80370_78e0aace3f70e32453891f629ad606a6.pdf
2019-01-01
43
50
10.22127/rjp.2018.80370
anti-inflammatory
Immunomodulatory
Multiple Sclerosis
Scrophularia megalantha
Abbas
Azadmehr*
1
Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran. Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran.
AUTHOR
Mahdi
Goudarzvand
2
Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran.
AUTHOR
Payam
Saadat
3
Mobility Impairment Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran.
AUTHOR
Hadi
Ebrahimi
4
Mobility Impairment Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran.
AUTHOR
Reza
Hajiaghaee
rhajiaghaee@yahoo.com
5
Medicinal Plants Research Center, Institute of Medicinal Plants, ACECR, Karaj, Iran.
AUTHOR
Niloufar
Sadat Miri
6
Department of Immunology, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran.
AUTHOR
Somayeh
Fallahnezhad
7
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Imam Hossein Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
AUTHOR
Reza
Norian
8
Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran.
AUTHOR
Abolfazl
Rahmani
9
Department of Immunology, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran.
AUTHOR
Masoud
Baee
10
Department of Immunology, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran.
AUTHOR
[1] Peiris M, Monteith GR, Roberts-Thomson SJ, Cabot PJ. A model of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in C57BL/6 mice for the characterisation of intervention therapies. J Neurosci Methods. 2007; 163(2): 245-254.
1
[2] Furlan R, Kurne A, Bergami A, Brambilla E, Maucci R, Gasparini L, Butti E, Comi G, Ongini E, Martino G. A nitric oxide releasing derivative of flurbiprofen inhibits experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Neuroimmunol. 2004; 150(1-2): 9-10.
2
[3] Bjartmar C, Trapp BD. Axonal degeneration and progressive neurologic disability in multiple sclerosis. Neurotox Res. 2003; 5(1-2):157-164.
3
[4] Prat A, Antel J. Pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis. Curr Opin Neurol. 2005; 18(3): 225-230.
4
[5] Becher B, Bechmann I, Greter M. Antigen presentation in autoimmunity and CNS inflammation: how T lymphocytes recognize the brain. J Mol Med (Berl). 2006; 84(7):532-543.
5
[6] Minagar A, Alexander JS. Blood-brain barrier disruption in multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler. 2003; 9(6): 540-549.
6
[7] Zaheer S, Wu Y, Bassett J, Yang B, Zaheer A. Glia maturation factor regulation of STAT expression: a novel mechanism in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Neurochem Res. 2007; 32(12): 2123-2131.
7
[8] Fisher AE, Maxwell SC, Naughton DP. Superoxide and hydrogen peroxide suppression by metal ions and their EDTA complexes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2004; 316(1): 48-51.
8
[9] Hendriks JJ, Teunissen CE, de Vries HE, Dijkstra CD. Macrophages and neurodegeneration. Brain Res Brain Res Rev. 2005; 48(2): 185-195.
9
[10] Murphy AC, Lalor SJ, Lynch MA, Mills KH. Infiltration of Th1 and Th17 cells and activation of microglia in the CNS during the course of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Brain Behav Immun. 2010; 24(4): 641-651.
10
[11] Mirshafiey A, Kianiaslani M. Autoantigens and autoantibodies in multiple sclerosis. Iran J Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2013; 12(4): 292-303.
11
[12] Sriram S. Role of glial cells in innate immunity and their role in CNS demyelination. J Neuroimmunol. 2011; 239(1-2): 13-20.
12
[13] Benveniste EN, Sparacio SM, Norris JG, Grenett HE, Fuller GM. Induction and regulation of interleukin-6 gene expression in rat astrocytes. J Neuroimmunol. 1990; 30(2-3): 201-212.
13
[14] Banati RB, Gehrmann J, Schubert P, Kreutzberg GW. Cytotoxicity of microglia. Glia. 1993; 7(1): 111-118.
14
[15] Jiang HR, Al Rasebi Z, Mensah-Brown E, Shahin A, Xu D, Goodyear CS, Fukada SY, Liu FT, Liew FY, Lukic ML. Galectin-3 deficiency reduces the severity of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Immunol. 2009; 182(2): 1167-1173.
15
[16] Bradley WG, Daroff RB, Fenichel GM, Jankovic JN. Neurology in clinical practices. 5th ed. London: Elsevier, 2008.
16
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17
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28
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[35] Rieks M, Hoffmann V, Aktas O, Juschka M, Spitzer I, Brune N, Schimrigk S, Przuntek H, Pohlau D. Induction of apoptosis of CD4+ T cells by immunomodulatory therapy of multiple sclerosis with glatiramer acetate. Eur Neurol. 2003; 50(4): 200-206.
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41
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Identification of Luteolin in Henna (Lawsonia inermis) Oil, a Persion Medicine Product, by HPTLC and Evaluating Its Antimicrobial Effects
Background and objectives: Persian scholars such as Avicenna and Zakariya al-Razi have pointed out many uses for henna oil. The present study aimed to propose a method for standardization of this oil. Methods: The luteolin content has been evaluated quantitively by HPTLC method to standardize the henna oil. The oil sample was applied on silicagel plate and the bands were developed using CHCl3-MeOH (95:5). The plate was scanned at λ 254 nm. The minimum inhibitory concentration was determined through the broth macrodilution test to examine the antibacterial activity of the oil. Results: The retention factor of the sample zone of luteolin standard was 0.6±0.01. The concentration of luteolin in henna oil was 56.57±0.66 μg/mL. MICof Henna oil against Gardnerella vaginalis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae was 87 μg/mL and against Streptococcus was 870 μg/mL. Conclusion: According to the results of this study, henna oil contains the luteolin. Further studies are needed to identify other henna oil compounds and their effects. Gardnerella vaginalis, N. gonorrhoeae, Group B streptococcus are among the pathogenic agents of cervicitis. The application of henna oil for treatment of uterus diseases in Persian medicine can be justified given the antimicrobial effects of henna oil on these three species of bacteria.
https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_80372_b2a31f44e0a4758c2a61cff66d60f02c.pdf
2019-01-01
51
55
10.22127/rjp.2018.80372
henna oil
HPTLC
Lawsonia inermis
luteolin
Lawsone
Payam
Khazaeli
khazaeli.payam@gmail.com
1
Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
AUTHOR
Mitra
Mehrabani
mmehrabani@hotmail.com
2
Herbal and Traditional Medicines Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
AUTHOR
Ahmad
Mosadegh
mosadegh14@yahoo.com
3
Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran.
AUTHOR
Soudabeh
Bios
4
Department of Iranian Traditional Medicine, School of Traditional Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
AUTHOR
Rahele
Zareshahi*
5
Department of Traditional Medicine, School of Traditional Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
AUTHOR
Mohammad Hasan
Moshafi
moshafi14@yahoo.com
6
Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
AUTHOR
[1] Shirooye P, Afrakhteh M, Bioos S, Mokaberinejad R. Uterine pain explanation from Iranian traditional medicine point of view and comparison with pelvic pain from contemporary medicine. Iran J Obstet Gynecol Infertile. 2016; 19(2): 9-25.
1
[2] Hamedi A, Zarshenas MM, Sohrabpour M, Zargaran A. Herbal medicinal oils in traditional Persian medicine. Pharm Biol. 2013; 51(9): 1208-1218.
2
[3] Aghili SMH. Makhzan- al' advieh. Shams MR, Rahimi R, Farjadmand F, Eds. Tehran: Tehran University of Medical Sciences publication, 2009.
3
[4] Aghili SMH. Gharabadin Kabir. Qom: Ehyaye Teb Tabiee, 2001.
4
[5] Avicenna. Canon of medicine. Beirut: Dare Ehya al-Toras Institute, 2005.
5
[6] Yang JY, Lee HS. Antimicrobial activities of active component isolated from Lawsonia inermis leaves and structure-activity relationships of its analogues against food-borne bacteria. J Food Sci Technol. 2015; 52(4): 2446-2451.
6
[7] Berek JS. Berek & Novak’s Gynecology. 15st ed. London: Lippincote Williames & Wilkines, 2012.
7
[8] Al-Rubiay KK, Jaber NN, Al-Mhaawe BH, Alrubaiy LK. Antimicrobial efficacy of henna extracts. Oman Med J. 2008; 23(4): 252-256.
8
[9] Nesa L, Munira S, Mollika S, Islam M, Choin H, Chouduri AU, Nazmun N. Evaluation of analgesic, anti-inflammatory and CNS depressant activities of methanolic extract of Lawsonia inermis barks in mice. Avicenna J Phytomed. 2014; 4(4): 287-296.
9
[10] Andersen QM, Markham KR. Flavonoids chemistry, biochemistry and applications. London: Taylor & Francis Group, 2006.
10
[11] Andrews MJ. Determination of minimum inhibitory concentrations. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2001; 48(1): 5-16.
11
[12] Dhiman A, Sharma K, Goyal J, Grag M, Sharma A. determination of lawsone content in fresh and dried leaves of Lawsonia inermis Linn. and its quantitative analysis by HPLC. J Pharm Sci Innov. 2012; 1(2): 17-20.
12
[13] Zargaran A, Faridi P, Daneshamouz S, Borhani-Haghighi A, Azadi A, Hashempur MH, Mohagheghzadeh A. Renovation and standardization of a historical pharmaceutical formulation from Persian medicine: chamomile oil. Trad Integr Med. 2016; 1(3): 108-114.
13
[14] Razhes M. Al-havi. 1nd ed. Afsharypour S, (Trans.). Tehran: Academy of Medical Sciences, 2005.
14
[15] Semwal B, Semwal R, Combrinck DK, Cartwright-Jones S, Viljoen C. Lawsonia inermis L. (Henna): ethnobotanical, phytochemical and pharmacological aspects. J Ethnopharmacol. 2014; 1(155): 80-103.
15
[16] Muhammad HS, Muhammad S. The use of Lawsonia inermis linn. (henna) in the management of burn wound infections. Afr J Biotechnol. 2005; 4(9): 934-937.
16
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Amla Oil, a Pharmaceutical Product Based on Traditional Knowledge for Hair Loss Treatment
Background and objectives: Iranian traditional medicine (ITM) resources have recommended different formulations for overcoming hair loss which is a beauty concern worldwide; one of these recommendations is amla oil which has been mentioned to be considerably effective. In the present study, amla oil has been formulated according to ITM and the quality control assessment of the product has been fulfilled. Methods: Phyllanthus emblica L. fruits (amla)and Myrtus communis L. leaves (myrtle) were provided from local market and their quality was evaluated according to pharmacopeia. The aqueous extract of myrtle was obtained by 24 h maceration; then amla was extracted in myrtle aqueous extract for 48 h. The mixture was filtered and sesame oil wasadded to the filtrate and heatedtill all water was evaporated. The resulting oil was assessed for viscosity, density, total phenolics and total tannins contents and acid and saponification values; the microbial content was also evaluated. Results: Amla oil was yellow in color with sesame odor. The acid value, viscosity, density, total phenolics and total tannins as pyrogallol were found to be 3.03 mg KOH/g, 102.8 cp, 0.966 g/mL, 0.2 and 0.05%, respectively. The product saponification value was zero and no microbial contamination was detected. Conclusion: The product showed proper physicochemical and microbial quality and could be suggested for treatment of hair loss after passing clinical trial.
https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_80373_0cc8743d1b4a5890636a83ce955ac071.pdf
2019-01-01
57
61
10.22127/rjp.2018.80373
amla
hair loss
Iranian traditional medicine
Phyllanthus emblica
Myrtus communis
Homa
Hajimehdipoor*
1
Traditional Medicine and Materia Medica Research Center and Department of Traditional Pharmacy, School of Traditional Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
AUTHOR
Nasim
Nikmanesh
2
Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Sciences Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran (IAUPS).
AUTHOR
Saeed
Mohammadi-Motamed
3
Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Sciences Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran (IAUPS).
AUTHOR
[1] Baghaee M, Ashtiani H. Hair and hair care products. Tehran: Tabib publication, 2009.
1
[2] Avicenna. Canon of medicine. Beirut: Dar Ehya-e-altorath alarabi, 2005.
2
[3] Shah Arzani MMA. Tebb-e-Akbari. Qom: Jalaledin, 2008.
3
[4] Aghili Alava Shirazi SMH. Qarabadin-e-Kabir. Tehran: Tehran University of Medical Sciences, 2011.
4
[5] Zhang LZ, Zhao WH, Guo YJ, Tu GZ, Lin S, Xin LG. Studies on chemical constituents in fruits of Tibetan medicine Phyllanthus emblica. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi. 2003; 28(10): 940-943.
5
[6] Zhang YJ, Abe T, Tanaka T, Yang CR, Kouno I. Two new acylated flavanoneglycosides from the leaves and branches of Phyllanthus emblica. Chem Pharm Bull. 2002; 50(6): 841-847.
6
[7] Zhang YJ, Tanaka T, Yang CR, Kouno I. New phenolic constituents from the fruit juice of Phyllanthus emblica. Chem Pharm Bull. 2001; 49(5): 537-540.
7
[8] Variya BC, Bakrania AK, Patel SS. Emblica officinalis (Amla): A review for its phytochemistry, ethnomedicinal uses and medicinal potentials with respect to molecular mechanisms. Pharmacol Res. 2016; 111: 180-200.
8
[9] Khan KH. Roles of Emblica officinalis in medicine-a review. Bot Res Int. 2009; 2(4): 218-228.
9
[10] Aghili Alavi Shirazi SMH. Makhzan al-adwia. Tehran: Bavardaran, 2001.
10
[11] Alipour Gh, Dashti S, Hosseinzadeh H. Review of pharmacological effects of Myrtus communis L. and its active constituents. Phytother Res. 2014; 28(8): 1125-1136.
11
[12] Sumbul S, Ahmed MA, Asif M, Akhtar M. Myrtus communis Linn.-A review. Indian J Nat Prod Resour. 2011; 2(4): 395-402.
12
[13] Akin M, Aktumsek A, Nostro A. Antibacterial activity and composition of the essential oils of Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehn. and Myrtus communis L. growing in Northern Cyprus. Afr J Biotechnol. 2010; 9(4): 531-535.
13
[14] Yoshimura M, Amakura Y, TokuharaM, Yoshida T. Polyphenolic compounds isolated from the leaves of Myrtus communis. J Nat Med. 2008; 62(3): 366-368.
14
[15] Editorial Board. Brithish pharmacopeia. 7th ed . London: The Stationary Office, 2013.
15
[16] World Health Organization. Quality control methods for herbal materials. Geneva: Publication of WHO, 2011.
16
[17] Iranian National Standard. Herbal and animal oils and fixed oils, acid value and acidity. Tehran: Iranian National Standard Administration, 2001.
17
[18] AOCS. Official methods and recommended practices of the American oil chemists’ society. Washington: AOC press, 1993.
18
[19] Fahimi Sh, Mortazavi SA, Abdollahi M, Hajimehdipoor H. Formulation of a traditionally used polyherbal product for burn healing and HPTLC fingerprinting of its phenolic contents. Iranian J Pharm Res. 2016; 15(1): 95-105.
19
[20] Purwal L, Gupta SPBN, Pande SM. Development and evaluation of herbal formulations for hair growth, E-J Chem. 2008; 5(1): 34-38.
20
[21] Sharma L, Agarwal G, Kumar A. Medicinal plants for skin and hair care. Indian J Tradit Knowl. 2003; 2(1): 62-68.
21
[22] Bureau J, Ginouves P, Guilbaud J, Roux M. Essential oils and low-intensity electromagnetic pulses in the treatment of androgen-dependent alopecia. Adv Ther. 2003; 20(4): 220-229.
22
[23] Babalola TOO, Apata DF. Chemical and quality evaluation of some alternative lipid sources for aqua feed production. Agric Biol J North America. 2011; 2(6): 935-943.
23
[24] Asiedu JJ. Processing tropical crops. A technological approach. London: MacMillan Publishers, 1989.
24
[25] Seneviratne KN, Dissanayake DMS. Effect of method of extraction on the quality of coconut oil. J Sci Univ Kelaniya. 2005; 2: 63-72.
25
[26] Odoom W, Edusei VO. Evaluation of saponification value, iodine value and insoluble impurities in coconut oils from Jomoro district in the western region of Ghana. Asian J Agric Food Sci. 2015; 3(5): 494-499.
26
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Potential Effects and Mechanisms of Action of Topical Wallflower (Erysimum cheiri (L.) Cranz) Administration in Anal Fissure
Anal fissure is an ischemic ulcer that occurs in anoderm and it has no obvious etiology and pathophysiology in current medicine. Anal fissure has a profound history in Persian and Persian medicine and wallflower (Erysimum cheiri (L.) Crantz) has been a common medication in this case. Traditional oil and/or dilute decoction of wallflower has been introduced as an effective topical medicine for anal fissure in Persian medicine.The aim of this study was to demystify the ancient wisdom in administration of low-dose wallflower for anal fissure, via the view point of modern pharmacological mechanisms. The basic idea and source of information was according to Persian and Arabic medicine manuscripts of the medieval Islamic era. Electronic literature was searched for related phytochemical and pharmacological studies available in Scopus, Google scholar, Pubmed and ScienceDirect databases from 1900 to 2018. The results showed that different parts of wallflower contain several types of cardiotonic steroids, isothiocyanates and flavonoids. Low-dose topical cardiotonic steroids, below their IC50, could have potential effects on the ischemic condition of anal fissure ulcer and collagen synthesis in the local fibroblasts, by stimulation of Na+/K+ ATPase pump. Furthermore, other active compounds in wallflower are isothiocyanates that could be responsible for tissue protective effects by induction of NRf2 expression and activating TRPA1 channels. Also wallflower flavonoids are responsible for anti-inflammatory, analgesic and wound healing properties. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that low-dose topical wallflower administration is hypothesized to have anal fissure healing potential in conventional medicine. This study has introduced a novel mechanistic approach for anal fissure treatment.
https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_80374_69434780f89122c31ad5ff2ece2fed08.pdf
2019-01-01
63
69
10.22127/rjp.2018.80374
Wallflower
Erysimum cheiri
fissure in Ano
Persian medicine
Ghazaleh
Mosleh
moslehgh@sums.ac.ir
1
Department of Phytopharmaceuticals (Traditional Pharmacy), School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
AUTHOR
Parmis
Badr
badrp@sums.ac.ir
2
Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran. Phytopharmaceutical Technology and Traditional Medicine Incubator, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences,
AUTHOR
Zohreh
Abolhassanzadeh
abolhasanz@sums.ac.ir
3
Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
AUTHOR
Seyed Vahid
Hosseini
hoseiniv@sums.ac.ir
4
Colorectal Research Center, Faghihi Hospital, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
AUTHOR
Abdolali
Mohagheghzadeh
abdolalimohagheghzadeh@gmail.com
5
Department of Phytopharmaceuticals (Traditional Pharmacy), School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran. Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
AUTHOR
Amir
Azadi*
6
Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran. Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
AUTHOR
[1] Madalinski M, Kalinowski L. Novel options for the pharmacological treatment of chronic anal fissure role of botulin toxin. Curr Clin Pharmacol. 2009; 4(1): 47-52.
1
[2] Lund JN. Nitric oxide deficiency in the internal anal sphincter of patients with chronic anal fissure. Int J Colorectal Dis. 2006; 21(7): 673-675.
2
[3] Meegdenburg M, Trspis M, Heineman E, Broens P. Increased anal basal pressure in chronic anal fissures may be caused by overreaction of the anal-external sphincter continence reflex. Med Hypotheses. 2016; 94(1): 25-29.
3
[4] Büyükyavuz BI, Savaş C, Duman L. Efficacy of lanolin and bovine type I collagen in the treatment of childhood anal fissures: a prospective, randomized, controlled clinical trial. Surg Today. 2010; 40(8): 752-756.
4
[5] Derakhshan AR. Natural treatments for fissure in ano used by traditional Persian scholars, Razi (Rhazes) and Ibn Sina (Avicenna). J Evid Based Complement Altern Med. 2017; 22(2): 324-333.
5
[6] Avicenna. The Canon of medicine. 2nd ed. Sharafkandi A, Trans. Tehran: Soroush press, 1997.
6
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[8] Tonkaboni MM, Tohfeh al- Momenin. 1st ed. Rahimi R, Shams Ardekani MR, Farjadmand F, Eds. Tehran: Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, 2007.
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[9] Aghili MH. Makhzan-al-advia. Shams Ardakani MR, Rahimi R, Farjadmand F, Eds. Tehran: Tehran University of Medical Sciences Publication, 2009.
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[10] Heravi M. Qarabadin-e-Salehi. Tehran: Dar-ol-khalafeh, 1765.
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[11] Gharashi A. Al-shamel fi-alsanaat-altebyah. Tehran: Iran University of Medical Sciences Publication, 2008.
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[17] Naz RK. Dermatologic therapy with cardiotonic digitalis? J Appl Physiol. 2008; 105(1): 5-6.
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[18] Oselkin M, Tian D, Bergold PJ. Low-dose cardiotonic steroids increase sodium-potassium ATPase activity that protects hippocampal slice cultures from experimental ischemia. Neurosci Lett. 2010; 473(2): 67-71.
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[28] Zargaran A, Borhani-Haghighi A, Faridi P, Daneshamouz S, Kordafshari G, Mohagheghzadeh A. Potential effect and mechanism of action of topical chamomile (Matricaria chammomila L.) oil on migraine headache: A medical hypothesis. Med Hypotheses. 2014; 83(5): 566-569.
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Bessac BF, Jordt SE. Breathtaking TRP channels: TRPA1 and TRPV1 in airway chemosensation and reflex control. Physiology (Bethesda). 2008; 23(1): 360-370.
33
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Efficacy of Prasaplai for Treatment of Primary Dysmenorrhea: a Meta-Analysis
Prasaplai is used in Thai traditional medicine for treatment of primary dysmenorrhea; however, clinical evidence is limited regarding the efficacy of Prasaplai for primary dysmenorrheal outcomes. This study has constituted a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate Prasaplai as an effective treatment for primary dysmenorrhea. Randomized controlled trials were retrieved and identified through electronic searches (PubMed, CINAHL, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, SCOPUS, Science Direct, and ThaiLis publications until May 2017). A hand search for relevant trials was also conducted. Quality of the selected trials was assessed using Jadad’s scoring and A Cochrane Risk of Bias Assessment Tool. Studies were recruited for the meta-analysis if 1) they were randomized controlled trials, 2) participants were diagnosed with primary dysmenorrhea, and 3) a pain score was included. Related outcomes and adverse events were also evaluated for all groups. Four randomized controlled trials met the criteria, totaling 460 participants. Results revealed that Prasaplai significantly improved pain scores. The pooled mean difference was -1.24 (95% CI -1.90 to -0.59; p = 0.0002). The results did not indicate significant effects of Prasaplai on menstrual characteristics and associated symptoms, compared with NSAIDs; however, participants receiving Prasaplai reported a low frequency of adverse effects compared to the NSAID group. Current evidence suggests that Prasaplai improved pain associated with primary dysmenorrhea. Prasaplai had no effect on menstrual characteristics and associated symptoms. Additional rigorously-designed trials with larger sample sizes are warranted to confirm the effects of Prasaplai on primary dysmenorrhea and related outcomes.
https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_80375_79495c5310d711d2ffbc75d18ef7a31e.pdf
2019-01-01
71
80
10.22127/rjp.2018.80375
Meta-analysis
Pain
Prasaplai
Primary Dysmenorrhea
Wiraphol
Phimarn*
1
Social Pharmacy Research Unit, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahasarakham University, Kantharawichai, Maha Sarakham, Thailand.
AUTHOR
Bunleu
Sungthong
bunleu.s@msu.ac.th
2
Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Natural Products Research Unit, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahasarakham University, Kantharawichai, Maha Sarakham, Thailand.
AUTHOR
Kritsanee
Saramunee
kritsanee.s@msu.ac.th
3
Social Pharmacy Research Unit, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahasarakham University, Kantharawichai, Maha Sarakham, Thailand.
AUTHOR
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