@article { author = {Irani, M. and Shahrestani, R. and Bahmani, B. and Esmaeili, S. and Nader*, N.}, title = {Cytotoxic activity of plants from East Azarbaijan province, Iran}, journal = {Research Journal of Pharmacognosy}, volume = {4}, number = {Supplement}, pages = {1-1}, year = {2017}, publisher = {- The Iranian Society of Pharmacognosy - Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2345-4458}, eissn = {2345-5977}, doi = {}, abstract = {Background and objectives: Due to the high cancer mortality rates and side effects of different types of cancer treatments, discovering effective treatments without or with fewer side effects is the main purpose of many researchers all around the world. Plants play an important role in the discovery of new drugs. Iran owns rich and varied vegetation but the majority of these plants have not yet undergone chemical, pharmacological and toxicological studies. In the present study, some species from East Azarbaijan province of Iran were evaluated for cytotoxicity effects. Methods: Total methanol extract of 29 plants from 18 families were screened for their cytotoxic activities. The inhibition of cell growth for these extracts was evaluated against MCF-7, A-549, Hep-G2, HT-29 and MDBK cell lines. Their 50% inhibitions of growth (IC50) were determined by MTT assay. Moreover, cytotoxic evaluation of different fractions (ether de petrol, chloroform and methanol) of the most potent species was performed. Results: Total extracts and fractions of Bryonia aspera, Centaurea salicifolia, Cuscuta chinensis, Ecbalium elaterium, Gypsophila ruscifolia, Ononis spinosa exhibited potent cytotoxic activity against one or more of the cell lines. Three of the mentioned total extracts presented cytotoxicity effects exclusively against HT-29 cells. Also three fractions (one ether de petrol and two chloroform fractions) demonstrated selective cytotoxicity effects against MCF-7cells. Conclusion: It was concluded that these 6 potent species were proper candidates for identification and isolation of active ingredients with cytotoxic effects  and further studies about these species are recommended.}, keywords = {Azarbaijan,Cytotoxicity,medicinal plants}, url = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_52973.html}, eprint = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_52973_753d420bd49699744555ccb863c6eddb.pdf} } @article { author = {Khatami*, Z. and Sarkhail, P. and Adhami, H.R.}, title = {Isolation and characterization of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors from Piper longum L.}, journal = {Research Journal of Pharmacognosy}, volume = {4}, number = {Supplement}, pages = {2-2}, year = {2017}, publisher = {- The Iranian Society of Pharmacognosy - Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2345-4458}, eissn = {2345-5977}, doi = {}, abstract = {Background and objectives: The cholinergic deficit correlates with the severity of Alzheimer’s disease. The cholinergic function can be improved by AChE inhibitors blocking this key enzyme in the breakdown of acetylcholine. Based on traditional medicine, during two last decades the use of herbal medicinal substances in dementia therapy has been studied. The fruit extract of Piper longum L. (Piperaceae) has been used in traditional medicine with various therapeutic properties, among those for the enhancement of cognitive performance in several herbal mixtures. It has been demonstrated that the fruit extract of P. Longum inhibites AChE. In order to find new natural compounds with AChE inhibitory effect, in this study the fruits of P. longum were investigated. Methods: First the fruits were pulverised smoothly, and then extracted with dichloromethane by stirring after sonification. The extract was investigated by a enzymatic TLC bioautography assay to identify the active zones. Then the active compounds were isolated using several chromatographic techniques. Results: The structures of active components were characterized by different methods like 1H, 13C NMR-spectroscopy, FTIR and mass-spectrometry. The four isolated substances were identified as methylen-dioxide and piperine derivatives. Conclusion: The present study indicated the reasonability of the use of this plant in traditional medicine for treatment of cognitive performance.}, keywords = {AChE inhibitor,Alzheimer’s disease,Ellman’s assay,Piper longum Linn,TLC bioautography}, url = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_52974.html}, eprint = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_52974_5e145fa9bae7fbd63d7c4c6fb627ffc1.pdf} } @article { author = {Hosseini Hamedani, F. and Rahimifard, N. and Mojab, F. and Bagheri, F. and Pakzad*, S.R.}, title = {Evaluation of safety of Hammada salicornica in cell culture}, journal = {Research Journal of Pharmacognosy}, volume = {4}, number = {Supplement}, pages = {3-3}, year = {2017}, publisher = {- The Iranian Society of Pharmacognosy - Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2345-4458}, eissn = {2345-5977}, doi = {}, abstract = {Background and objectives: A pharmaceutical products that is planned to be used in clinic, should not only have beneficial effects but also be safe too. Preclinical studies in animals are costly and need considering ethical issues. Cell culture can be used before animal tests. Considering useful effects of these methods, we have evaluated safety of total methanol extract of Hammada salicornica and its aqueous and petroleum ether fractions in cell culture.Methods: Total methanol extract was prepared with the standard method of maceration. Different fractions were prepared by liquid-liquid fractionation and the extracts were then dried with rotary evaporator. After determination of bactericidal concentration of the extracts, 400 ug/mL, the cytotoxicity was tested at various concentrations regarding the minimum antibacterial concentration by MTT test. Hep-2c and VERO cell lines were used in MTT test. A range of concentrations (10-500 ug/mL) of the extracts were prepared and were added to about 70% confluent 96 well plates. After exposure for 48 h, MTT solution was added to the wells, and 4 h later formazan crystals were solubilized and optical densities were read at 570 nm. Results: Cytotoxicity Index was calculated and significance test was performed using t-test comparing the Index of the test and control group at each concentration. No significant difference was observed. Conclusion: Various fractions of H. salicornica were not cytotoxic at concentrations above bactericidal concentrations (up to 500 ug/mL). The results need to be confirmed in animal studies before using in human subjects.}, keywords = {Cytotoxicity,Hammada salicornica,MTT}, url = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_52980.html}, eprint = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_52980_92ce325188de2ec867f32f71561825a9.pdf} } @article { author = {Kiashi, F. and Momeni-nasab, F. and Akhbari, M. and Hadjiakhoondi, A. and Aghaahmadi, M. and Tavakoli, S. and Tofighi*, Z.}, title = {Phytochemicals and antimicrobial activities of aerial parts and roots of Trigonella tehranica L. essential oils}, journal = {Research Journal of Pharmacognosy}, volume = {4}, number = {Supplement}, pages = {4-4}, year = {2017}, publisher = {- The Iranian Society of Pharmacognosy - Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2345-4458}, eissn = {2345-5977}, doi = {}, abstract = {Background and objectives: Trigonella tehranica (Leguminosae) is an indigenous plant in northern regions of Iran. There were many reports about antimicrobial activity of other specious of this genus; therefore, the aim of present study was investigation of chemical compounds and antimicrobial activities of T. tehranica essential oils for the first time. Methods: The essential oils of aerial parts and roots of T. tehranica from Taleqan, Alborz Province, Iran were obtained by hydro-distillation and analyzed by GC-MS. Antimicrobial activities of essential oils were tested against some Gram-positive bacteria (Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus aureus), Gram-negative bacteria (Salmonella paratyphi-A, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, Shigella dysenteriae and Proteus vulgarisis) and fungi (Aspergillus brasiliensis, Aspergillus niger and Candidia albicans) via disc diffusion method and minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were reporte. Results: The abundant compounds of aerial parts essential oil were n-hexadecanoic acid (20.84%), camphane (11.45%) and neo-menthol (5.05%). The major volatiles of roots essential oil were hexanal (14.83%), butane, 2-methyl (13.39%) and 1-pentene (12.80%). The roots essential oil showed the most antimicrobial activitiy on Bacillus stubtilis (inhibition zone (IZ) equal to 21 mm) and the aerial parts essential oil demonstrated the most effects on Bacillus stubtilis (IZ as16 mm) and Candida albicans (IZ as 20 mm). Conclusion: Although essential oils of T. tehranica were effective on many examined microorganisms, their antifungal activity was higher significantly.  }, keywords = {antibacterial,Antifungal,fruits,Roots,Trigonella tehranica,volatile oil}, url = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_52981.html}, eprint = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_52981_cdac192be40cca64e7cd05f3685c3ba4.pdf} } @article { author = {Tabatabaei, M.J. and Shemirani, F. and Tavakoli, S. and Mofasseri, M. and Goodarzi*, S. and Tofighi, Z.}, title = {Isolation and identification of compounds from toxic fractions of Cuminum cyminum extract}, journal = {Research Journal of Pharmacognosy}, volume = {4}, number = {Supplement}, pages = {5-5}, year = {2017}, publisher = {- The Iranian Society of Pharmacognosy - Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2345-4458}, eissn = {2345-5977}, doi = {}, abstract = {Background and objectives: Cuminum cyminum from Apiaceae family is a common medicinal plant. The fruits of this plant are the second most popular spice after Piper nigrum in the world. It is used in cooking as flavoring and also it has been used for treatment of toothache, epilepsy, diarrhea,emphysema and gastrointestinal problems in Iranian traditional medicine. In this study, toxicity of various fractions of C. cyminum fruits was evaluated and compounds of toxic fraction(s) were isolated and characterized. Methods: Ripe fruits of C. cyminum were extracted with 80% methanol and fractionated by hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate and methanol. The toxicity of different fractions was evaluated on Artemia salina, brine shrimplethality test. This test has been used to evaluate the toxicity of different types of plant extracts, heavy metals, pesticides, food additives and medicinal compounds and has been provided by US National Cancer Institute. Toxic fraction was subjected for further elucidation. Results: The toxicity evaluation showed that hexane and ethyl acetate fractions demonstrated the highest lethality at 100 μg/mL with 62.43 and 58.74 percent, respectively. Four flavonoids including apigenin, luteoline, apigenin-7-O-glycoside and luteoline-7-O-glycoside were separated from ethyl acetate fraction and cuminoid A was isolated and identified from the hexane fraction as the compounds of active subfractions. Conclusion: It was concluded that flavonoids from ethyl acetate fraction and a sesquiterpene from the hexane fraction of Cuminum cyminum could be introduced as cytotoxic compounds.}, keywords = {brine shrimp,Cuminum cyminum,Flavonoids,sesquiterpene}, url = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_52982.html}, eprint = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_52982_2d539b2ac5262020d6bd48cc208b2cd5.pdf} } @article { author = {Khomayezian, M. and Rahimifard, N. and Mojab, F. and Bagheri, F. and Pakzad*, S.R.}, title = {Cytotoxicity evaluation of Launaea procumbens on two cell lines}, journal = {Research Journal of Pharmacognosy}, volume = {4}, number = {Supplement}, pages = {6-6}, year = {2017}, publisher = {- The Iranian Society of Pharmacognosy - Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2345-4458}, eissn = {2345-5977}, doi = {}, abstract = {Background and objectives: Launaea procumbens is a member of Asteraceae family which can be found in the south part of Iran especially the province of Hormozgan. This plant has got a variety of usage in traditional medicine for curing the skin diseases. In this study, we have investigated the cytotoxic effect of its various extracts at concentrations bracketing the minimum antibacterial concentration that has been found in a previous study to be 450 ug/mL. Methods: Total methanol extract was prepared with the standard method of maceration. Different fractions were prepared by liquid-liquid fractionation. The extracts were then dried with rotary evaporator. The dried concentrated extracts were kept within glass vials under standard conditions until used. Hep-2c and VERO cell lines were used in MTT test. A range of concentrations (10-500 ug/mL) of the extracts were prepared and were added to about 70% confluent 96 well plates. After exposure for 48 h, MTT solution was added to the wells, and 4 h later formazan crystals were solubilized and optical densities were read at 570 nm.  Results: The MTT results indicated that total methanol extract and methanol and petroleum ether fractions of this plant showed acceptable safety at concentrations that were already shown to be bactericidal. Conclusion: According to the results L. procumbens extract and fractions can be used at concentrations up to 500 ug/mL.}, keywords = {Cytotoxicity,Launaea procumbens,MTT}, url = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_52983.html}, eprint = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_52983_b3e6ebfe92bb758ea013e6ea4c4fcc35.pdf} } @article { author = {Bayrami, Z. and Khalighi-Sigaroodi, F. and Rahimi, R. and Farzaei, M.H. and Hodjat, M. and Baeeri, M. and Rahimifard, M. and Navaei-nigjeh, M. and Abdollahi, M. and Hajiaghaee*, R.}, title = {In vitro wound healing activity of luteolin}, journal = {Research Journal of Pharmacognosy}, volume = {4}, number = {Supplement}, pages = {7-7}, year = {2017}, publisher = {- The Iranian Society of Pharmacognosy - Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2345-4458}, eissn = {2345-5977}, doi = {}, abstract = {Background and objectives: Luteolin (3′,4′,5,7-tetrahydroxy flavone) is one of the most common flavones, which is naturally found in several edible plants and traditional medicine. It is known as a non-toxic compound with anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive, anticarcinogenic, antimutagenic, and antiangiogenic properties. Luteolin has antiproliferative activity against different human hormone dependent cancer cells e.g. breast, prostate, and thyroid. Due to its bacteriostatic properties  and strong antioxidant potential, luteolin is valuable in the management of diverse diseases including peptic ulcers. There are some evidences on wound healing effect of luteolin on diabetic rats and in this work, an in vitro model of wound healing was used to study the wound healing effect of luteolin. Methods: Different concentrations of luteolin were applied in MTT and scratch assay on 3T3 fibroblast cells. FBS-free medium was used as the negative control. Cell proliferation and migration during scratch contraction was calculated. Annexin V and cell cycle analyses were performed to study the effect of luteolin on cell proliferation. Result: The results showed that, scratch contraction was observed significantly (p<0.01) in luteolin treated groups in comparison to control. Luteolin significantly increased the live population of 3T3 cells (98.9±4.9) and population of cells in G2M phase (32.2±1.6) of cell cycle compared to the control group.  Conclusion: Our findings suggested that fibroblast cell proliferation and migration is a reason for wound healing property of luteolin.}, keywords = {luteoline,scratch assay,wound healing}, url = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_52984.html}, eprint = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_52984_a7beaebb755e1c621abf73f19d6c5cef.pdf} } @article { author = {Berenjian*, K. and Derakhshandeh, K. and Shokoohinia, Y.}, title = {Preparation and physicochemical evaluation of topical formulations of purified curcuminoids from Curcuma longa rhizome}, journal = {Research Journal of Pharmacognosy}, volume = {4}, number = {Supplement}, pages = {8-8}, year = {2017}, publisher = {- The Iranian Society of Pharmacognosy - Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2345-4458}, eissn = {2345-5977}, doi = {}, abstract = {Background and objectives: The purpose of this study was optimization of semisolid topical formulation from ethanol extract of turmeric and evaluation of rheological characterization and investigation of physicochemical control tests. Methods: The ethanolic extract was prepared with Soxhlet method and the compounds were isolated with silica gel column chromatography. Isolation of curcuminoids was accomplished by preparative HPLC.  The accelerated and real time stability tests for the formulations were investigated at 40±2 °C/70% RH for 90 days and 30±2° C/35%±5 RH for 12 month, respectively. Results: The yield of pure curcuminoids was 0.8%.The results of rheograms at 25° C showed pseudoplastic, plastic and pseudoplastic behavior for the ointment, cream and gel formulations respectively. The pH was measured by using  a  digital  type  of  pH  meter  by  dipping  the  glass electrical probe  for all of formulation, and the consequences exhibited PH values of 6.6, 6.8 and 6.9for the ointment, cream and gel, respectively. The results of cumulative release (µg/cm2) for ointment, cream and gel formulation achieved with dissolution media which contained buffer phosphate with pH 7.2 and 1% tween 20 after 24 h were 693.6, 648.5 and 650.5, respectively. Discussion:  The advantage of this method extraction compared to previously described methods, was utilizing safer solvent for extraction. The cumulative release of formulation and drug content during the physicochemical control tests was compared with commercial product and showed no significant different (p˃ 0.05).The formulations of this study showed functional and physical stability in the period of the study.}, keywords = {cumulative release,curcumin,physicochemical control,rheological behavior}, url = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_52985.html}, eprint = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_52985_9e86267b7c3ed4f31b18fbc46fb87e33.pdf} } @article { author = {Chaichi, M.J. and Mehrzad, J. and Sedaghat*, R.}, title = {GC-MS analysis of chemical compounds from acetone extract of Echium amoenum Fisch.}, journal = {Research Journal of Pharmacognosy}, volume = {4}, number = {Supplement}, pages = {9-9}, year = {2017}, publisher = {- The Iranian Society of Pharmacognosy - Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2345-4458}, eissn = {2345-5977}, doi = {}, abstract = {Background and objectives: Plants play a significant role in the prevention and treatment of diseases and can even prevent and reduce the adverse effects of conventional treatments.  Echium amoenum Fisch is one of the most commonly used medicinal plants, and has long been used as a traditional herbal medicine for many diseases in Iran. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method can be an interesting tool for testing the amount of some active principles in herbs used in cosmetic, drugs, pharmaceutical or food industries. Methods: The flowers of Echium amoenum Fisch were collected, washed, shade dried, powdered and extracted with acetone using Soxhlet apparatus. The extract were concentrated and analyzed by GC-MS for the identification of chemical compounds present in the flowers of Echium amoenum. Results: The major compounds were pentacosane, tricosan, 2-pentanone-4-hydroxy-4-methyl and 3-hexene-2-one. Conclusion: Identification of these compounds in the plant serves as the basis in determining the possible health benefits of the plant leading to further biologic and pharmacologic studies.}, keywords = {acetone extract,Echium amoenum Fisch,GC-MS}, url = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_52986.html}, eprint = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_52986_a9edb0f74d5f51cc1cfcbcb52d23860a.pdf} } @article { author = {Enayati, A. and Khori*, V. and Azadbakhat, M. and Zahedi, M.}, title = {Inhibitory effects of Urtica dioica L. root on electrophysiological properties of isolated rabbit atrioventricular node}, journal = {Research Journal of Pharmacognosy}, volume = {4}, number = {Supplement}, pages = {10-10}, year = {2017}, publisher = {- The Iranian Society of Pharmacognosy - Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2345-4458}, eissn = {2345-5977}, doi = {}, abstract = {Background and objectives: The ideal drug for treatment of a wide range of supraventricular arrhythmia hasn't yet been developed. Previous studies have shown antihypertensive and negative inotropic effects of the Urtica dioica L. (nettle). Therefore, the aim of present study is to determine the rate dependent inhibitory effects of ethanol extract of nettle root and investigate the role of adrenoceptors in the anti-arrhythmic mechanism of nettle on the isolated rabbit atrio-ventricular node. Methods: Urtica dioica roots were collected from Gorgan (Golestan, Iran). Male New Zealand rabbits (n=7) were used in all of the experiments. Experimental stimulation protocols (WBCL; Recovery, Facilitation, Fatigue) were applied to assess electrophysiological properties of Node. All protocols were repeated in the presence and absence (control) of different concentration (0.25-0.5 w/v %) of nettle and 1 μM nadolol. Data were shown as Mean±SE, difference between groups statistically were assessed by SPSS software. Results: Nettle (0.5 w/v) significantly decreased basic and functional properties of node as WBCL, ERP, FRP, AVCT and magnitude of fatigue (∆AH) significantly increased but ∆FRP significantly decreased. In the presence of nadolol (1μM) as a nonselective β-blocker, nettle (0.3 mg/L) could not repeat its effects on electrophysiological properties of AV-node. Conclusion: The results showed the modifying properties of Urtica dioica root extract. It may be considered as a candidate for the treatment of supraventicular arrhythmias.}, keywords = {Adrenoceptors,arrhythmia,AV-Node,Functional Properties,Urtica dioica}, url = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_52987.html}, eprint = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_52987_485d97578633458c6edca711f427c180.pdf} } @article { author = {Darvish-Mofrad-Kashani, Z. and Emaratkar, E. and Emadi, F. and Hashem-Dabaghian, F. and Raisi, F. and Hasheminejad, S.A. and Eftekhar, T. and Zafarghandi*, N.}, title = {Melissa officinalis effect on female sexual dysfunction: a double blind, randomized clinical trial}, journal = {Research Journal of Pharmacognosy}, volume = {4}, number = {Supplement}, pages = {11-11}, year = {2017}, publisher = {- The Iranian Society of Pharmacognosy - Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2345-4458}, eissn = {2345-5977}, doi = {}, abstract = {Background and objectives: Female sexual dysfunction is a very common health problem that affects 25-65% of women. Melissa officinalis or lemon balm (Lamiaceae) has been reported in folk medicine for treatment of nervous debility, so this study was designed to evaluate the efficacy of M. officinalis to improve female libido. Methods: Eighty nine eligible women with decreased sexual desire were randomly divided into two groups and consumed four 500 mg capsules of M. officinalis or placebo for 4 weeks. Medication was prepared from dried aqueous extract of M. officinalis (standardized as 3.32±0.02 mg gallic acid/g and 1.8±0.003 mg rutin/g). Changes in female sexual function index (FSFI) questionnaire scores were evaluated for the two groups. Results: Patients in M. officinalis group experienced significant improvement in lubrication (p<0.005), sexual desire, arousal, orgasm, satisfaction, pain, FSFI total score and also willingness to continue treatment (p<0.001) compared to the placebo group. Conclusion: This study showed that M. officinalis can be used as a safe and effective herbal remedy to improve sexual dysfunction in women.}, keywords = {female sexual dysfunction,libido,Melissa officinalis,Women}, url = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_52989.html}, eprint = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_52989_6f6713d5e60561b5b56f2aac64f4dec0.pdf} } @article { author = {Khodabandeloo, B. and Kahrizi, F. and Es-haghi, A. and Goodarzi, S. and Niknam, S. and Yassa, N. and Tofighi*, Z.}, title = {Solubility investigation of ether and ester essential oils in water using spectrometry and GC/MS}, journal = {Research Journal of Pharmacognosy}, volume = {4}, number = {Supplement}, pages = {12-12}, year = {2017}, publisher = {- The Iranian Society of Pharmacognosy - Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2345-4458}, eissn = {2345-5977}, doi = {}, abstract = {Background and objectives: Essential oils (volatiles) are aromatic oily liquids prepared from different parts of plants and demonstrate various therapeutic and cosmetic properties. The dissolution of essential oils are not desirable in water, therefore the aim of this research was evaluation and selection the best co-solvents for increasing their solubility and bio availability. Methods:The solubility of six  plants essential oils were investigated in presence of propylene glycol (PG), polyethylene glycol 300 (PEG), glycerin and ethanol as solvent and tween 80 or lecithin as co-solvent by observation and spectrophotometric assay. Chemical composition of the essential oils and supersaturated 50% ethanol (SSE) and 50% PG or PEG (SSP) solutions were analyzed by GC/MS, too. Results: Ester (Lavandula dentata, Heracleum persicum and, Elettaria cardamomum) essential oils showed the best solubility in ethanol and PG, respectively. Ether (Foeniculum vulgare, Pimpinella anisum and Petroselinum crispum) essential oils had the best solubility in ethanol and PEG, respectively. In ester class, mixture of ethanol/water was the best solvent according to solubility and total amounts of major compounds of the essential oils. In ether class, all samples had better solubility in mixtures of ethanol/water than PEG, but the amounts of total phenols or ethers in SSP of some samples were higher than SSE. Therefore selecting the best solvent for these class need more experiments. Conclusion: Selecting the solvent for essential oils changes their chemical composition; therefore the best solvent was different for various purposes.}, keywords = {Chemical composition,Dissolution,ester volatile oil,ether volatile oil,photometry}, url = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_52990.html}, eprint = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_52990_a12293595e3c2b947e4b012918e6e654.pdf} } @article { author = {Mirmoini, A. and Rahimifard, N. and Mojab, F. and Bagheri, F. and Pakzad*, SR.}, title = {Cytotoxicity evaluation of Dionysia revoluta Boiss. on VERO and Hep-2c cell lines}, journal = {Research Journal of Pharmacognosy}, volume = {4}, number = {Supplement}, pages = {13-13}, year = {2017}, publisher = {- The Iranian Society of Pharmacognosy - Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2345-4458}, eissn = {2345-5977}, doi = {}, abstract = {Background and objectives: Evaluating the safety of pharmaceutical products by in vitro methods like cell culture, and in vivo tests on animals, is one of the regulatory steps in development of drugs which is called the preclinical stage. If acceptable results are obtained, the drug can be used in clinical studies. In this study, we have investigated the cytotoxic effect of various extracts of Dionysia revolute Boiss. at various concentrations. Methods: Total methanol extract was prepared with the standard method of maceration. Different fractions were prepared by liquid-liquid fractionation. The extracts were then dried with rotary evaporator. After determination of bactericidal concentration of the extracts, 150 ug/mL, the cytotoxicity was tested at various concentrations up to 4 times of the bactericidal concentrations by MTT test. Hep-2c and VERO cell lines were used in MTT test. A range of concentrations (10-500 ug/mL) of the extracts were added to 70% confluent 96 well plates. After exposure for 48 h, MTT solution was added to the wells, and 4 h later formazan crystals were solubilized and optical densities were recorded at 570 nm. Results: The results indicated different fractions of the extract were not cytotoxic at the concentrations up to three times the minimum bactericidal concentration and showed a promising therapeutic index. Conclusion: According to the results Dionysia revoluta extract and fractions could be used at concentrations up to 400 ug/mL.  }, keywords = {Cytotoxicity,Dionysia revoluta,MTT}, url = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_52991.html}, eprint = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_52991_cea5f52c39944d72119590a22a8cd824.pdf} } @article { author = {Hariri*, R. and Saeedi, M. and Akbarzadeh, T.}, title = {Natural peptides and proteins: potent tyrosinase inhibitors}, journal = {Research Journal of Pharmacognosy}, volume = {4}, number = {Supplement}, pages = {14-14}, year = {2017}, publisher = {- The Iranian Society of Pharmacognosy - Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2345-4458}, eissn = {2345-5977}, doi = {}, abstract = {Background and objectives: Tyrosinase is a copper containing oxidase which is crucial for controlling the production of melanin in creatures such as bacteria, fungi, plants and mammals. It is involved in the first two steps of melanin biosynthesis and leads to pigmentation and different types of cancer such as melanoma. Also, it is responsible for browning of fruits and vegetables. Therefore, safe and efficient tyrosinase inhibitors are useful in the field of clinical medicine, cosmetics, agricultural and food industries. Conventional tyrosinase inhibitors such as hydroquinone, kojic acid, and arbutin have suffered from several problems such as melanocytes cytotoxicity, irritation, low permeability through the skin, contact allergy and low stability. Considering these difficulties, researchers have developed various naturally occurring anti-tyrosinase agents and in this regard, peptides and proteins have attracted lots of attention. Methods: In this work, anti-tyrosinase peptides and proteins obtained from natural resources were reviewed using credible databases. Results: Literature survey revealed that development of anti-tyrosinase activity of naturally occurring peptides and proteins started from 1974. Mushrooms (e.g. Agaricushortensis), bacteria (e.g. Lactobacillus helveticus and Oscillatoria agardhii), plants (e.g. Pseudostellaria heterophylla, rice bran),silk and egg yolk have been found as the most potent inhibitors. Conclusion: Literature review depicted that natural peptides and proteins can be consumed efficiently as tyrosinase inhibitors with much lower side effects. In this respect, new horizon will be opened to safe anti-tyrosinase agents.}, keywords = {natural sources,peptides and proteins,tyrosinase inhibitors}, url = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_52992.html}, eprint = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_52992_a4b0c8e6e204bdab7fa7681720c29282.pdf} } @article { author = {Eghbaliferiz*, S. and Asili, J. and Emami, S.A. and Tayarani-Najaran, Z. and Iranshahi, M.}, title = {Abietane-type diterpenoids from the roots of Salvia tebesana}, journal = {Research Journal of Pharmacognosy}, volume = {4}, number = {Supplement}, pages = {15-15}, year = {2017}, publisher = {- The Iranian Society of Pharmacognosy - Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2345-4458}, eissn = {2345-5977}, doi = {}, abstract = {Background and objectives: The genus Salvia is one of the largest genera in the family Lamiaceae and represents approximately 1000 species displaying a remarkable diversity.Salvia tebesana Bunge(Lamiaceae) is an endemic medicinal species that grows wild in center of Iran which is locally named “Maryamgoli Tabasi”. Methods: The dried roots (2 kg) were perculated with MeOH at room temperature. Methanol extract was further fractionated to give four different fractions [n-hexane, dichloromethane (CH2Cl2), ethyl acetate (EtOAc) and water (H2O)]. In the next step, to afford the major bioactive compound(s) of the plant, the EtOAC extract was further sub-fractionated by silica gel column chromatography using a mixture of petroleum ether/ethyl acetate with increasing polarity. The different fractions were purified by reversed-phase semi-preparative HPLC. Results: From the ethyl acetate extract, two diterpene quinones with rearranged abietane skeletons, aegyptinones A and B were isolated and their structures were mainly elucidated by 1D and 2D NMR and mass spectroscopy. Conclusion: These compounds have been reported for the first time from this plant.}, keywords = {abietane diterpenoid,mass spectroscopy,NMR,Salvia tebesana}, url = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_52993.html}, eprint = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_52993_5e2da77ee8ae610c6dd4635781ff0047.pdf} } @article { author = {Khanpour*, E. and Modarresi, M.}, title = {Quantitative analysis of allantoin in Iranian corn silk}, journal = {Research Journal of Pharmacognosy}, volume = {4}, number = {Supplement}, pages = {16-16}, year = {2017}, publisher = {- The Iranian Society of Pharmacognosy - Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2345-4458}, eissn = {2345-5977}, doi = {}, abstract = {Background and objectives: Zea mays is cultivated in different parts of Iran and corn silk is used in traditional medicine. Allantoin is one of the major compounds in corn silk. The purpose of this research was the quantitatve analysis of allantoin in corn silks belonging to several regions of Iran. Methods: The samples of corn silk were prepared from three provinces of Iran (Kermanshah, Fars and Razavi Khorasan). The dried plant materials were infused in boiling distilled water with a temperature of 90-95 °C on magnetic stirrer for 30 min. The levels of allantoin in aqueous extracts were determined by HPLC. Quantification was achieved using an C18 column (250×4.6 mm, 5 µm) under isocratic conditions and phosphate buffer solution (pH 3.0) as the mobile phase at a flow rate of 0.5 mL/min. Column effluent was monitored at 210 nm. The calibration curve of allantoin standard was plotted with concentrations from 6.25 to 100 µg/mL. Results: The calibration curve of standard was linear over the concentration range used (R2=0.9999). The results showed that the amount of allantoin in samples was between 205 and 374 mg/100g of dry plant material. The corn silk samples of Razavi Khorasan and Fars provinces showed the lowest and highest amount of allantoin, respectively. Conclusion: The levels of allantoin obtained in this study were higher than the values reported in other studies; therefore, the researchers of this project are investigating the wound healing effect of corn silk.}, keywords = {allantoin,corn silk,HPLC,quantitative analysis}, url = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_52994.html}, eprint = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_52994_ede1dbecf0a78e045a012ad31b909d9c.pdf} } @article { author = {Val adbeigi, S. and Naderi-Moghadam*, M. and Ghiasvand, N. and Jafari, F. and Jalilian, F. and Ahmadi, F. and Sajjadi, S. and Shokoohinia, Y.}, title = {In vitro study of the effects of dihydropyrano coumarins isolated from Ferulago macrocarpa on DNA by spectroscopic and molecular modeling methods}, journal = {Research Journal of Pharmacognosy}, volume = {4}, number = {Supplement}, pages = {17-17}, year = {2017}, publisher = {- The Iranian Society of Pharmacognosy - Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2345-4458}, eissn = {2345-5977}, doi = {}, abstract = {Background and objectives: Coumarins have potential anticancer effects. Ferulago macrocarpa (Fenzl) Boiss, is a perennial herb which has shown to have several dihydropyranocoumarins like grandivittin (GRA) and dihydrofuranocoumarins such as prantschimgin (PRA). Previously the antibacterial, cytotoxic and antioxidant effect of GRA and PRA have been reported. Understanding that how GRA and PRA bind to ct- DNA, can show the mechanism of antibacterial, cytotoxic effects. Methods: F. macrocarpa fruits were collected and dried. Acetone extract of the plant was prepared and defatted. Several coumarins were purified using normal column and high performance liquid chromatographic methods. The structures were determined with NMR analysis. The electrochemical behavior of GRA and PRA was studied by cyclic voltammetry, fluorescence, UV-Vis, FT-IR spectroscopy and molecular modeling methods. Results: The cathodic peaks I and II may corresponded to the reduction of the alkene groups at the electrode surface, respectively. The peak III may be resulted from the opening and oxidation of the furan ring moiety. The complex stability constant, binding site size, diffusion coefficients of free and bounded of GRA-DNA and PRA-DNA complex were obtained by CV, DP and UV-Vis at 25 ºC. Conclusion: The binding of GRA and PRA with ct-DNA caused significance changes in electrochemical and spectral characteristics of GRA and PRA and confirming that the interaction mode of GRA and PRA with ct-DNA is major groove with binding site size of 1.}, keywords = {DNA binding,Ferulago macrocarpa (Fenzl) Boiss,grandivittin,major groove,prantschimgin}, url = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_52995.html}, eprint = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_52995_f3cc71e64a756076261be2f3857b1fc7.pdf} } @article { author = {Bazvandi, L. and Naderi-Moghadam*, M. and Mohammadi, Z. and Ghiasvand, N. and Jafari, F. and Jalilian, F. and Tagluatela-Scafati, O. and Shokoohinia, Y.}, title = {Sesquiterpenoids from hexane extract of Echinophora platyloba aerial parts}, journal = {Research Journal of Pharmacognosy}, volume = {4}, number = {Supplement}, pages = {18-18}, year = {2017}, publisher = {- The Iranian Society of Pharmacognosy - Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2345-4458}, eissn = {2345-5977}, doi = {}, abstract = {Background and objectives: Echinophora platyloba is used for flavoring foods, cheese and yoghurt. Despite several pharmacological studies on the plant, no attempt has been made to isolate the non-volatile secondary metabolites and assess the antimicrobial effects. So, phytochemical investigation seems to be useful for better use of this plant. Methods: E. platyloba aerial parts were extracted with hexane by Soxhlet apparatus and fractionated. The subfractions were purified using HPLC and analyzed by 1HNMR, 13CNMR, COSY and Mass spectroscopy. Different extracts with hexane, dichloromethane and acetone solvents through were prepared Soxhlet method. The extracts were individually tested against three gram-Negative (E. coli, S. flexneri, A. baumannii) and two Gram-positive bacteria (S. aureus, E. fecalis) by microdilution methods. The susceptibility of E. coli, S. flexneri, A. baumannii, E. fecalis isolates to gentamycin and S. aureus to oxacillin was assessed. Results: A branch of fatty acids and triglycerides were obtained along with polyoxygenated sesquiterpenoid, vaginatin. MIC of the hexane extract against bacterium 1 was 512 µg/mL. MIC of ethanol extract against bacterial 1 to 4, were 2048, 512, 2048 and 2048 µg/mL, respectively. MIC of other extract were equal higher than 4096 µg/mL. Conclusion: Vaginatin was reported for the first time as a sesquiterpenoid from Echinophora genus. The ethanol extract was the most and dichlormethane extract the least effective extract. A. baummannii was the most susceptible organism to the hexan extract compared to other extracts.}, keywords = {Echinophora platyloba,HPLC,MIC,microdilution methods,vaginatin}, url = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_53088.html}, eprint = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_53088_0d96411ce621e6db66e2677397967321.pdf} } @article { author = {Chenari*, M. and Yazdinezhad, A. and Andalib, S.}, title = {Effect of Fulcaria vulgaris hydro-alcoholic extract on carrageenan-induced paw edema in rats}, journal = {Research Journal of Pharmacognosy}, volume = {4}, number = {Supplement}, pages = {19-19}, year = {2017}, publisher = {- The Iranian Society of Pharmacognosy - Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2345-4458}, eissn = {2345-5977}, doi = {}, abstract = {Background and objectives: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effect of Fulcaria vulgaris hydro-alcoholic extract (F.H.E.) in Carrageenan-induced models of inflammation by investigating the changes in serum levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) level in various treatment groups. Methods: Thirty male Wistar rats were divided in five groups (n=6) control, positive control group and three experimental groups treated with 200,400 and 600 mg/kg F.H.E, respectively. 1, 6, 12 and 20 h before Carrageenan injection F.H.E was administered by oral gavage. Serum CRP concentrations were tested by enzyme immunoassay. Results: The results revealed that at the time of inflammation induction, indomethacin decrease inflammation; however, F.H.E. brought about immediate amelioration of the inflammation. Moreover, as time passed different treatments continued their effect and helped in reducing the inflammation though lower doses of F.H.E. showed no significant efficiency. Furthermore, the level of CRP in all treatment groups was nearly similar to the control group implying that treatment either by indomethacin or Fulcaria vulgaris was successful in lowering CRP level to the control level and hence, reducing the consequences of inflammation. Conclusion: In addition to lowering CRP level, measurement of inflammation treated using 600 mg/kg F.H.E. showed more efficiency compared to the lower doses as well as indomethacin implying to the possibility of using this dose as a treatment suggestion for inflammation.}, keywords = {carrageenan,CRP,Fulcaria vulgaris,Inflammation,Rat}, url = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_53089.html}, eprint = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_53089_241f209cee29f0652dd68f26fad89787.pdf} } @article { author = {Almasi, Kh. and Ghiasvand, N. and Jafari, F. and Jalilian, F. and Kiani, A. and Shahlaei, M. and Shokoohinia, Y.}, title = {Evaluation of sesquiterpene coumarins from Ferula assa-foetida on VEGF, MMP9, MMP2 and study of biding modes using computational methods}, journal = {Research Journal of Pharmacognosy}, volume = {4}, number = {Supplement}, pages = {20-20}, year = {2017}, publisher = {- The Iranian Society of Pharmacognosy - Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2345-4458}, eissn = {2345-5977}, doi = {}, abstract = {Background and objectives: Ferula assafoetida of Apiaceae family bears sesquiterpene coumarins from phenolic class. Studies have shown that phenolic compounds at physiological concentration can inhibit two groups of gelatinase matrix metalloproteinases. So, the ability of compounds of this plant to inhibit the enzymes mentioned above seems to be useful. Methods: Acetone extract of plant was prepared and sesquiterpene coumarins were purified using column chromatography and HPLC preparative analyses and their structures were elucidated. After culturing the cell to proper confluence, the cells were isolated and the supernatant was removed. The pure substances were applied on cell lines U87MG and WEHI. In the computational part, the structure has been docked in the active site of metalloproteinase, and significant interactions were determined. Subsequently, ligand-protein complexes were subjected to molecular dynamics simulation in water and thermodynamic properties were calculated. Results: In the phytochemistry field galbanic acid, mogoltadone, kellerin, polyanthin and polyanthinin were extracted from F. assafoetida. Biological investigation demonstrated significant changes in the amount and activity of matrix metalloproteinase and vascular endothelial growth factor. Ligand binding to the active site of the protein was studied in computational causing conformational changes in the active site of the protein. Conclusion: Investigation revealed that the coumrins have inhibitory effects on the content and activity of MMP 2.9 and showed anti-angiogenetic effect. So, they can be potentially effective in the treatment of cancer. Interactive and competitive binding between MMP-9 and galbanic acid were studied with FT-IR, UV-Vis and fluorescence methods and MMP-9 structure was changed in these interactions.}, keywords = {galbanic acid,kellerin,Matrix Metalloproteinases,mogoltadone,polyanthin}, url = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_53090.html}, eprint = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_53090_5fe50f7254b4665f95db83029d35b76a.pdf} } @article { author = {Delnavazi*, M.R. and Yassa, N. and Hadjiakhoondi, A. and Delazar, A.}, title = {Azeroside C: a new phloroacetophenone glycoside from the roots of Dorema glabrum Fisch. & C.A. Mey}, journal = {Research Journal of Pharmacognosy}, volume = {4}, number = {Supplement}, pages = {21-21}, year = {2017}, publisher = {- The Iranian Society of Pharmacognosy - Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2345-4458}, eissn = {2345-5977}, doi = {}, abstract = {Background and objectives: Dorema glabrum Fisch. & C.A. Meyfrom Umbelliferae family is a monocarpic species distributed in north-west of Iran, Azerbaijan republic and Armenia. The gum-resin of this species is traditionally used for the treatment of bronchitis, catarrh and diarrhea, as well as for its diuretic properties. Recently, we have reported the isolation of five phloroacetophenone glycosides including echisoside, pleoside, hyrcanoside, azerosides A and B from the roots of D. glabrum. The work is a part of our ongoing research on phytochemical constituents of this medicinal plant. Methods: The air dried and ground roots of D. glabrum collected from Jolfa region (East-Azerbaijan, Iran) was macerated, successively with n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate and methanol-water (8:2). The hydroalcoholic extract was subjected to phytochemical analysis using Sephadex-LH20 and RP-18 column chromatography. Structure of the isolated compound was elucidated by 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, HMBC, HSQC, EI-MS and CHNS elemental analysis. Results: A new structure of 2-O-[β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1''→3')-β-D-glucopyranosyl]-4-O-methyl-phloroacetophenone, which was named azeroside C, was isolated and identified from D. glabrum roots. Conclusion: The presence of new phloroacetophenone glycosides in D. glabrum highlights this species as a source of this group of natural products which can be used for further pharmacological and toxicological studies.  }, keywords = {Azeroside C,Dorema glabrum Fisch. & C.A. Mey,phloroacetophenone,Umbelliferae}, url = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_53091.html}, eprint = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_53091_0403babc4a43eb2cd233142b2b7f142b.pdf} } @article { author = {Hosein Pour*, P. and Andalib, S. and Yazdi Nejad, A.}, title = {Anti-inflammatory effect of Allium akaka extract on the inflammation induced by carrageenan in rats}, journal = {Research Journal of Pharmacognosy}, volume = {4}, number = {Supplement}, pages = {22-22}, year = {2017}, publisher = {- The Iranian Society of Pharmacognosy - Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2345-4458}, eissn = {2345-5977}, doi = {}, abstract = {Background and objectives: Allium akaka, locally known “Valak” a member of the Amaryllidaceae family, is widely used in Iranian folk medicine for its wound healing, antibacterial, anthelmintic, and diuretic properties. The aim of the present work was to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effect of Allium akaka hydro-alcoholic extract on carrageenan-induced models of inflammation by investigation of the changes in serum levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) in various treatment groups. Methods: Sixty five rats were divided to five groups (n=13); one control, one positive control group and three experimental groups treated by 200, 400 and 600 mg/kg extract, respectively. 1, 6, 12 and 24 hours before carrageenan injection, the extract was administered through oral gavage. Serum CRP in all treatment groups was tested by enzyme immunoassay. Results: Theresults revealed that immediately after inflammation induction, indomethacin decreased the inflammation. Similarly, Allium akaka extract resulted in immediate amelioration of the inflammation. Moreover, as time passed and the treatment continued, different treatments exerted their effect and reduced the inflammation though lower doses of Allium akaka showed no significant effect. In addition, level of CRP in all treatment groups was nearly similar to the control group implying that treatment either by indomethacin or 600 mg/kg Allium akaka successfully lowered the CRP level to the control level and hence, reduced the consequences of inflammation in body. Conclusion: Measurement of inflammation treated using 600 mg/kg Allium akaka extract showed more efficiency compared to the lower doses as well as indomethacin implying to the possibility of using this dose as a treatment for inflammation.  }, keywords = {Allium akaka,carrageenan,CRP,Inflammation,Rats}, url = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_53092.html}, eprint = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_53092_fa387f30db89ccaaf0067fd0f69e0371.pdf} } @article { author = {Saadattalab, T. and Pirveisiani, S. and Delnavazi*, M.R.}, title = {Phytochemical constituents, antioxidant activity and toxicity potential of the essential oil from Ferula gummosa Boiss. roots}, journal = {Research Journal of Pharmacognosy}, volume = {4}, number = {Supplement}, pages = {23-23}, year = {2017}, publisher = {- The Iranian Society of Pharmacognosy - Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2345-4458}, eissn = {2345-5977}, doi = {}, abstract = {Background and objectives: Ferula gummosa Boiss. (Umbelliferae) is a popular medicinal plant, which is known mostly for therapeutic uses of its oleo-gum-resin (Barijeh in Persian). In the present study, the essential oil of F. gummosa roots was investigated for its phytochemical constituents, antioxidant activity and toxicity potential. Methods: Phytochemical constituents of the essential oil (extracted by hydrodistillation method) were analyzed using GC-MS. Antioxidant and toxicity properties of the oil were also evaluated in DPPH free radical-scavenging assay and brine shrimp lethality test, respectively. Results: Forty-two compounds, representing 87.7% of total oil, were identified by GC-MS analysis of the plant roots oil. The essential oil was characterized by a high concentration of monoterpene hydrocarbons (55.9%), mainly β-pinene (33.2%), β-phellandrene (8.0%) and α-pinene (6.9%). In DPPH free radical-scavenging assay, the oil sample did not demonstrate any activity at the highest tested concentration (1.0 mg/mL). However, it was found very toxic in brine shrimp lethality test with LD50 value of 2.4 µg/mL. Conclusion: The results of this study introduced the F. gummosa roots oil as a source of monoterpene hydrocarbons, especially β-pinene. Considering the high yield of essential oil extraction (12.1% v/w), these compounds may be involved in anticonvulsant, antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory properties of F. gummosa root. Moreover, considerable toxicity of the root oil highlights it as an appropriate candidate for further mechanistic toxicological studies.}, keywords = {DPPH,Essential oil,Ferula gummosa Boiss,GC-MS,general toxicity,β-pinene}, url = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_53093.html}, eprint = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_53093_6de42b683990c96fe4d82c5a93191677.pdf} } @article { author = {Nazemi, N. and Khalighi-Sigaroodi*, F. and Monfared, A.}, title = {Processing and stabilization of Aloe Vera leaf gel by adding chemical and natural preservatives}, journal = {Research Journal of Pharmacognosy}, volume = {4}, number = {Supplement}, pages = {24-24}, year = {2017}, publisher = {- The Iranian Society of Pharmacognosy - Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2345-4458}, eissn = {2345-5977}, doi = {}, abstract = {Background and objectives: Aloe vera has been used as a medicinal herb for thousands of years. Aloe vera leaves can be separated into latex and gel which have biological effects. Aloe gel is a potent source of polysaccharides. When the gel is exposed to air, it quickly decomposes and decays and loses most of its biological activity. There are various processing techniques for sterilizing and stabilizing the gel. The aim of this study was to improve stabilization of the gel by adding some chemical and natural preservatives. Methods: The gel was obtained from Aloe vera leaves and after some processing chemical and natural preservatives were added. Chemicals included citric acid, ascorbic acid, vitamin E and potassium sorbate while natural preservatives were two essential oils derived from Cinnamomum zeylanicum and Eugenia caryophyllata. All these operations were performed under sterile conditions and they were evaluated at different temperatures and times. Appearance and taste changes of gel were studied organoleptic. Microbiological tests and some physical assays such as pH, refractometry and viscosity properties as well as determination of total sugars were measured. NMR and FT-IR analyses were performed for determining the quality of samples. Results: After data analyzing, the results showed that the samples formulated with chemical additives together with essential oils were more suitable and stable compared to the control samples after 90 days and the effective ingredient acemannan, remained stable. Conclusion: The stable gel can be considered for therapeutic properties and be used for edible and medicinal purposes.  }, keywords = {Aloe vera,chemical preservatives,Essential oils,gel,stabilizing}, url = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_53094.html}, eprint = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_53094_16a948cf0243ac11116056d36f661849.pdf} } @article { author = {Mohammadi, Z. and Bazvandi, L. and Jafari, F. and Ghiasvand, N. and Shokoohinia*, Y.}, title = {Echinophorin D a new polyacetylene from an edible plant, Echinophora platyloba aerial parts}, journal = {Research Journal of Pharmacognosy}, volume = {4}, number = {Supplement}, pages = {25-25}, year = {2017}, publisher = {- The Iranian Society of Pharmacognosy - Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2345-4458}, eissn = {2345-5977}, doi = {}, abstract = {Background and objectives: The aerial parts of Echinophora platyloba are added to cheese and yoghurt for flavoring. Besides, it is used for the treatment of flatulence and as air freshener. Despite several pharmacological studies on the plant, no attempt has been made to isolate non-volatile secondary metabolites from this plant. So, phytochemical investigation seems to be useful for better use of this plant in and to discover new compounds. Methods: Powdered aerial parts of the plant were extracted by Soxhlet apparatus with hexane, dichloromethane (DCM) and acetone. The concentrated acetone extract was fractionated using silica open column and mixture of heptane and ethyl acetate while DCM extract was fractionated by reverse phase column chromatography on RP-18 sorbent using mixture of methanol and water as solvent system with decreasing polarity. All subfractions were analysed by 1H- NMR, COSY, HSQC, HMBC and 13C-NMR. Results: After column chromatography and HPLC purification of DCM extract one new polyacetylene compound called echinophorin D was obtained and one fatty acid (coriolic acid) and one esteric polyacetylene (echinophorin B) were isolated and identified from the acetone extract. Conclusion: Due to the isolation of coriolic acid for the first time from this genus and the role of this fatty acid in inflammatory processes and anticancer activity as well as isolating polyacetylene compounds which have antioxidant and anti-tomur activity, this plant can be used as a source for compounds with antioxidant and anticancer effects.}, keywords = {acetone extract,coriolic acid,Echinophora platyloba,echinophorin B,polyacetylene}, url = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_53095.html}, eprint = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_53095_9db57d90feb1a76306bd79bec868ef26.pdf} } @article { author = {Ghasemiyanpour*, M. and Rasekh, H. and Mojab, F.}, title = {Anti-hyperlipidemic effect of Allium ampeloprasum ethanol extract in rats}, journal = {Research Journal of Pharmacognosy}, volume = {4}, number = {Supplement}, pages = {26-26}, year = {2017}, publisher = {- The Iranian Society of Pharmacognosy - Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2345-4458}, eissn = {2345-5977}, doi = {}, abstract = {Background and objectives: This study was designed to investigate the effect of ethanol extract of Allium ampeloprasum (Leek) leaves on blood lipid profile in rats. Due to the side effects of chemical drugs and social tendency toward herbal medicines, it’s justified to propose new herbal remedies for prevention of cardiovascular disease. Methods: Thirty six adult male Wistar rats were used and divided into 6 groups. After induction of  hyperlipidemia, group I was fed with a normal diet, group II (control) with high cholesterol diet (containing 5% cholesterol and 5% olive oil), group III was fed with high cholesterol diet and lovastatin (10 mg/kg), group IV with high cholesterol diet and leek extract (50 mg/kg), group V received high cholesterol diet and Allium ampeloprasum (leek extract) 100 mg/kg and group VI was fed with high cholesterol diet and leek extract (250 mg/kg) for 21 consecutive days through gavage. Serum cholesterol concentration, LDL, TG, HDL and ratios of CHO/HDL and LDL/HDL for each animal were analyzed by laboratory kits. Results: The regimen containing 50 mg/kg of extract resulted in a significant reduction in CHO levels (57.00 ± 2.25 mg/dL vs. 107.80 ± 3.54 mg/dL), LDL (22.00 ± 2.07 mg/dL vs. 35.80 ± 1.98 mg/dL) and CHO/HDL (1.44 ± 0.07 mg/dL vs. 2.55 ± 0.06 mg/dL) compared to the control group (p<0.05); while there was no significant changes in TG level and HDL compared with the control group (p>0.05). Conclusion: Theresults showed that ethanol extract of A. ampeloprasum could improve lipid profile comparable with lovastatin in rats. It was also conclude that 50 mg/kg dose of the extract showed the highest efficacy.}, keywords = {Allium ampeloprasum,blood lipid profile,Cholesterol,lovastatin}, url = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_53096.html}, eprint = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_53096_d09d67a62c5868d8ae45657e8dfbe5b1.pdf} } @article { author = {Nomani*, M. and Hosseini, M.J. and Vazirian, M. and Nomani, A. and Monsef-Esfahani, H.R.}, title = {Evaluation of anti-inflammatory effect of Salvadora persica in IBD-induced rat}, journal = {Research Journal of Pharmacognosy}, volume = {4}, number = {Supplement}, pages = {27-27}, year = {2017}, publisher = {- The Iranian Society of Pharmacognosy - Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2345-4458}, eissn = {2345-5977}, doi = {}, abstract = {Background and objectives: Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are among the most prevalent diseases in developed countries. In general, IL-6 and TNF-α are considered as the main causes of tissue damage in the intestine. Salvadora persica is a domestic and abundant plant growing in some central and southern areas of Iran. The main objective of the current study was to evaluate the potential anti-inflammatory effect of the hydro-alcoholic extract of Salvadora persica in a rat model of IBD. Methods: Acute colitis was induced by intra-rectal administration of 100 mg/kg TNBS dissolved in a total volume of 0.25 mL of 50% ethanol. Twenty-four h after colitis induction, saline, S. persica extracts (25, 50 and 100 mg/kg) and sulfasalazine (100 mg/kg) were orally administered to the corresponding groups of animals. The dose administration was repeated daily for seven consecutive days. Aftewards, body weight changes, macroscopic and microscopic lesions were assessed by dissecting 8 cm of the distal colons of the animals. TNF-α and IL-6 mRNA expression were also evaluated by real-time PCR. Results: The obtained results showed that sulfasalazine and S. persica extracts were significantly able to reduce the body weight loss, macroscopic and microscopic lesions compared to the untreated control. Additionally, they were able to decrease the expression of TNF-α mRNA in the colon tissue. Conclusion: The findings of this study indicated that Salvadora persica extract had an acceptable anti-inflammatory effect on the induced colitis in rat, and one of its notable mechanisms could be through TNF-α pathway.}, keywords = {IL-6,Inflammatory bowel disease,Rat,Salvadora persica,TNBS,TNF-α}, url = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_53097.html}, eprint = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_53097_7bb5415cd7a9fd4f079f06f5f91a549e.pdf} } @article { author = {Khalighi-Sigaroodi*, F. and Mirzakhanlouei, S. and Ghafarzadegan, R. and Hajiaghaee, R. and Mohammadnezhad, A.}, title = {Encapsulation of thyme essential oil in polymeric capsules using electrospray method}, journal = {Research Journal of Pharmacognosy}, volume = {4}, number = {Supplement}, pages = {28-28}, year = {2017}, publisher = {- The Iranian Society of Pharmacognosy - Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2345-4458}, eissn = {2345-5977}, doi = {}, abstract = {Background and objectives: Essential oils (EOs) of medicinal herbs are prone to degradation by oxidation, heating, or light. Encapsulation of EOs can protect these fragile volatile natural products from degradation. Thymus vulgaris (thyme) is a well-known herb which has been used as food additive as well as medicine since ancient times. Electrospraying is a novel technology to encapsulate food and pharmaceutical materials. The aim of this study was to apply electrospray method for encapsulation of thyme essential oil in polymeric capsules. Methods: The thyme essential oil was obtained by hydrodistillation. Ploylactic acid (PLA) capsules, loaded by thyme EO, were synthesized by electrospraying. The applied voltage was set at 18 kV and the flow rate of solution in injector was 0.5 mL/h. Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) capsules were also prepared. The distance between metal nozzle and collector plate was 25 cm. The solution was injected at the flow rate of 0.5 mL/h and the applied voltage was set at 8 kV. SEM micrographs of the produced micro/nanocapsules were analyzed using image j software. Results: The findings indicated that the mean diameter of PLA capsules were about 162 nm while in the case of PMMA capsules, the mean diameter of fabricated particles was about 5.4 µm. Conclusion: The major conclusion of this study was that the particle size and morphology of synthesized particle was directly affected by the type of polymer utilized for electrospraying.}, keywords = {electrospraying,PLA,PMMA,thyme essential oil}, url = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_53098.html}, eprint = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_53098_a6611aa85a94c5c2c20b9f0a96cd9b05.pdf} } @article { author = {Mofasseri, M. and Shemirani, F. and Tavakoli, S. and Tabatabaei, M.J. and Tofighi*, Z. and Goodarzi, S.}, title = {Elucidation of compounds from toxic fraction of Heracleum persicum extract}, journal = {Research Journal of Pharmacognosy}, volume = {4}, number = {Supplement}, pages = {29-29}, year = {2017}, publisher = {- The Iranian Society of Pharmacognosy - Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2345-4458}, eissn = {2345-5977}, doi = {}, abstract = {Background and objectives: Heracleum persicum (Golpar)is a native medicinal plant of Iran which belongs to Apiaceae family. The fruits of the plant have been used as spice for flavoring. They have also showed carminative, antioxidant, anticonvulsant, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory and cytotoxic properties. In this study, toxicity of different fractions of Heracleum persicum was evaluated and phytochemical compounds of toxic fraction(s) were elucidated. Methods: Ripe fruits of H. persicum were extracted with 80% methanol and fractionated by different solvents (hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate and methanol). The toxicity of different fractions was evaluated by brine shrimp (Artemia salina)lethality test. This test has been provided by US National Cancer Institute and has been used to evaluate the toxic characteristics of different types of plant extracts, heavy metals, pesticides, food additives and medicinal compounds. The toxic fraction was selected for further purification until achievement of pure compounds. Results: The toxicity evaluation showed that 100 μg⁄mL of the chloroform fraction showed the highest (97%) lethality percentage. Four furanocoumarins were separated and identified from the chloroform fraction using different chromatographic techniques and were identified by 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, 2D-NMR and MS spectroscopic methods. Elucidated compounds were bergapten, isopimpinellin, 5-(3-methyl but-2-enyloxy)-7H-furo-[2,3-f] chromen-7-one and 5-methoxy-7H-furo[2,3-f]chromen-7-one which the two last mentioned components were characterized for the first time. Conclusion: It was concluded that furanocoumarins of H. persicum could be introduced as cytotoxic compounds.  }, keywords = {brine shrimp,furanocoumarin,Heracleum persicum}, url = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_53099.html}, eprint = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_53099_214f897bbf37d988f96f6b35cd87bc26.pdf} } @article { author = {Tavakolizadeh, M. and Andalib, S. and Ahmadi*, M.H. and Khodaee, M.}, title = {Anti-inflammatory effects of ethanol extracts of Hippomarathrum microcarpum (M. Bieb.) B. Fedtsch (horse fennel) in laboratory rats}, journal = {Research Journal of Pharmacognosy}, volume = {4}, number = {Supplement}, pages = {30-30}, year = {2017}, publisher = {- The Iranian Society of Pharmacognosy - Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2345-4458}, eissn = {2345-5977}, doi = {}, abstract = {Background and objectives: Apiaceae family is one of the largest plant families with wide distribution all around the world. The genus Hippomarathrum has 28 species around the world among them H. microcarpum is outspread in the north, northwest, west and central of Iran, and also Turkey, Caucasus and Iraq. In a previous study, two coumarins (osthole and isoimperatorin) and one sterol (β-sitosterol) have been isolated and identified from the plant ethyl acetate extract. A study showed that this combination has inhibitory effect on COX-2 and Lipooxygenase-5 and inhibits the production of Leukoterine CL1 and therefore may provide a basis for the production of new anti-inflammatory drugs. Methods: The extraction was carried out using 70% ethanol through maceration. To investigate the anti-inflammatory effects, the edema method was used in the paw of the male rats using carrageenan and the rate of inflammation was measured by digital caliper. At the end of the experiment, the leg of mice were cut off and sent to the histopathologic laboratory for pathological tests. Results: In all doses of the extract, at 1, 2, and 3 h after infusion, the inflammation significantly decreased (p<0.001). Also, at the second hour of the study, the highest reduction of inflammation was observed and the extract resulted in a greater reduction in inflammation compared to diclofenac. Conclusion: The results showed that H. microcarpum increased the anti-inflammatory effects at high doses and also decreased the inflammation rate more than diclofenac. Since compounds like osthole and isoimperatorin are present in the plant, the anti-inflammatory effect of the H. microcarpum can be considered as the presence of such compounds which needs to be further investigated.}, keywords = {anti-inflammation,Hippomarathrum microcarpum,hydroalcoholic extract,laboratory male rat}, url = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_53100.html}, eprint = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_53100_d7ccd8bf94e341682ea79bc792979326.pdf} } @article { author = {Nikmanesh, N. and Hajimehdipoor*, H. and Hamzeloo-Moghadam, M. and Mohammadi Motamed, S.}, title = {Formulation and quality control of amla oil (Phyllantus emblica) based on Iranian traditional medicine}, journal = {Research Journal of Pharmacognosy}, volume = {4}, number = {Supplement}, pages = {31-31}, year = {2017}, publisher = {- The Iranian Society of Pharmacognosy - Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2345-4458}, eissn = {2345-5977}, doi = {}, abstract = {Background and objectives: Amla is native to India and is exported to Iran. Although amla has been mentioned in Iranian traditional medicine (ITM) manuscripts, no pharmaceuticals have been prepared from this medicinal plant in Iran; thus, in the present study amla oil has been designed and formulated according to ITM. Methods: Phyllantus emblica and Myrtus communis were purchased from herbal market of Tehran and their scientific names were confirmed. Quality control tests were performed on the herbs. For preparing amla oil, the aqueous extract of Myrtus communis leaves was prepared by using maceration method for 24 h. Then, the mixture was filtered and amla was added to the extract and shaked for 48 h. After filtering the mixture, sesame oil was added to the filtrate (in equal volume) and heated until all water was evaporated and the oil remained. Quality control examinations including determination of viscosity, density, acid value, saponification value and microbial tests were performed on the oil. Results: Amla oil was dark yellowin color with sesame odor. The density was found to be 0.966 mg/mL and the viscosity was 108.2 centipoise. Acid value was 3.03 mg KH/g oil and saponification value was zero. No fungal or bacterial growth was observed. Conclusion: The formulated amla oil demonstrated acceptable physicochemical charactristics and could be introduced for further mass production after completing the final required evaluations.}, keywords = {Formulation,Iranian traditional medicine,Mytus communis,Phyllantus emblica,Quality Control}, url = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_53101.html}, eprint = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_53101_bce7b5dee74940a55b939b027ffdc9f7.pdf} } @article { author = {Salimi, A. and Esmaeili*, S. and Hamzeloo-Moghadam, M. and Irani, M. and Mohammadi Motamed, S.}, title = {Antimalarial assessment of Viola odorata L. by heme polymerization inhibition method}, journal = {Research Journal of Pharmacognosy}, volume = {4}, number = {Supplement}, pages = {32-32}, year = {2017}, publisher = {- The Iranian Society of Pharmacognosy - Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2345-4458}, eissn = {2345-5977}, doi = {}, abstract = {Background and objectives: Viola odorata L. is a grassy plant that grows in the humid regions and has been used to treat liver diseases and complicated and tropical fevers in Iranian traditional medicine (ITM). V. odorata has cold and humid temperament while the temperament of fever which is the most important symptom of malaria is the opposite. Antimalarial activity of the petroleum ether fraction of V. websteri has been reported through pLDH method in vitro. In this study, the antimalarial effect of V. odorata which has been used for the treatment of fever in ITM has been evaluated by heme polymerization inhibition method.  Methods: The fractions were prepared through maceration during four consecutive days using petroleum ether, chloroform, methanol and water; each day the mixture was filtered and the next fresh solvent was added to the dry plant residue. The heme polymerization inhibition method was carried out in 96-wells plate at the concentration of 200 μg/mL for each sample. The absorbance was recorded at 405 nm with an ELISA reader and the heme polymerization inhibition was determined. Results: The results demonstrated that the petroleum ether, chloroform, methanol and aqueous fractions of V. odorata inhibited heme polymerization up to 62, 77, 100and 53%, respectively while the methanol fraction of V. odorata showed the most considerable results. Conclusion: The results introduced the methanol fraction of V. odorata L. as a proper candidate for further antimalarial studies.  }, keywords = {antimalaria,heme polymerization inhibition,Iranian traditional medicine,Viola odorata}, url = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_53102.html}, eprint = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_53102_49c8ac560e772579585a2bdec7f5efa3.pdf} } @article { author = {Tayefeh, M. and Yousefbeyk, F. and Azizi, N. and Sajady, S.K. and Ghasemi*, S.}, title = {Analysis of sennoside in drugs contained senna leaves (Cassia sp.) in Iran}, journal = {Research Journal of Pharmacognosy}, volume = {4}, number = {Supplement}, pages = {33-33}, year = {2017}, publisher = {- The Iranian Society of Pharmacognosy - Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2345-4458}, eissn = {2345-5977}, doi = {}, abstract = {Background and objectives: The importance of Cassia angustifulia is due to its laxative properties. A large number of sennosides have been reported in senna but sennoside A and B have been reported as the main causes of its properties. The present study includes the analysis of the effective ingredients of sennosides containing senna products in Iranian pharmaceutical market using UV-Visible and HPLC methods and comparing the obtained amounts with the reported amount of pharmaceutical companies. Methods: The content of sennosides as sennoside B was calculated in drugs purchased from the Iran pharmaceutical market. They were extracted using BP method and the concentration of sennosides was measured at the 500 nm. For HPLC method, sennosides were extracted by 0.1% sodium hydrogen carbonate solution and separation was done by C18 (4.6×250 mm) column as the stationary phase and methanol: water: acetic acid as the mobile phase. The diode-array detector was used to monitor the sennosides. Results: Maximum and the minimum sennosides for both methods were similar. Maximum of sennosides by UV-visible and HPLC methods were 2.75% and 2.55%, respectively. Minimum of sennosides by UV-visible and HPLC methods were 0.8% and 0.64%, respectively. Conclusion: The developed HPLC method was valid for determination of sennosides in senna-containing formulations. Sennosides content by UV-visible method was higher than the HPLC method, because all anthraquinone were calculated by UV but HPLC method separately determines the amount of Sennosides.}, keywords = {HPLC,sennoside A,sennoside B}, url = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_53103.html}, eprint = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_53103_ca9e9f87e195db68383e126e82db7f48.pdf} } @article { author = {Memarzadeh*, S.M. and Ghasemi Pirbalouti, A. and Gholami, A. and Nourbakhsh, S.A.}, title = {Chemical compositions of essential oils from Bakhtiari savory (Satureja bachtiarica Bunge.) under different extraction methods}, journal = {Research Journal of Pharmacognosy}, volume = {4}, number = {Supplement}, pages = {34-34}, year = {2017}, publisher = {- The Iranian Society of Pharmacognosy - Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2345-4458}, eissn = {2345-5977}, doi = {}, abstract = {Background and objectives: Bakhtiari savory belonging to the Lamiaceae family is an endemic species, which is rich in carvacrol, thymol and other aromatic compounds. The essential oil of the plant could be added in fatty food against radicals similar to synthetic antioxidant BHT. Methods: To determine the best extraction methods on qualitative and antioxidant characteristics of the essential oil, Bakhtiari savory was extracted by eight different methods in two models. Conventional hydrodistillation methods using Clevenger-type apparatus, and steam and water distillation, and innovative techniques, steam distillation, microwave-assisted hydro diffusion with power 400 and 800 watt, microwave-assisted hydro diffusion and steam with power 400 and 800 watt, were used to extract the essential oil from the aerial parts of savory and their results were compared. For comparison, the essential oils of all samples were analyzed using DPPH and Folin-Ciocalteu reagents.  Results: Significant differences occurred among antioxidant activity and total phenolics content in different extraction methods. High antioxidant activity and total phenolics content were observed in microwave-assisted hydro diffusion and steam of 800 watt. This technique was the best extraction methods of the S. bachtiarica essential oil. Conclusion: The microwave-assisted extraction was the best extraction methods with protecting high antioxidant activity of the oil. The method is “green technology” in term of excellent quality of essential oil and is a proper tool for the extraction of essential oil from medicinal plants and aromatic herbs.}, keywords = {Antioxidant,DPPH,Essential oil,Extraction,Satureja}, url = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_53104.html}, eprint = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_53104_e5cdf56378db5d704015234b9bc06f48.pdf} } @article { author = {Shahani, S. and Salehi, M. and Khoshsirat*, N. and Akbari, J.}, title = {Evaluation of the effect of mouthwash containing black mulberry (Morus nigra L.) fruit juice for treatment of gingivitis}, journal = {Research Journal of Pharmacognosy}, volume = {4}, number = {Supplement}, pages = {35-35}, year = {2017}, publisher = {- The Iranian Society of Pharmacognosy - Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2345-4458}, eissn = {2345-5977}, doi = {}, abstract = {Background and objectives: Black mulberry (Morus nigra L.) is well-known for its nutritional and medicinal values. Traditionally, the fruits have been used for treatment of mouth and throat inflammations. The aim of this study was evaluation of the effect of black mulberry fruit juice for treatment of gingivitis. Methods: The study was a randomized double blind clinical trial on 60 patients with acute gingivitis. The selected people were non-smokers and without any systemic diseases. The patients were divided into 3 groups; group 1: black mulberry juice (BMJ) 1% mouthwash, group 2: chlorhexidine 0.2% mouthwash and group 3: normal saline (NS) mouthwash. All patients were instructed to use 10 mL of the mouthwash twice daily (morning and evening) after brushing and flossing. Plaque and gingival indices in the first visit and then at 1 and 2 months after the beginning of treatment were evaluated and analyzed. Results: BMJ mouthwash caused a significant decrease in plaque and gingival indices compared to NS group. There was no significant difference between BMJ and chlorhexidine groups. The total anthocyanin content of the juice was 284.76±8.33 mg cyanidin3-glucoside equivalents per 100 g dried juice. Conclusion: The fruit juice of M. nigra can be considered for treatment of oral inflammatory diseases.}, keywords = {Fruit,Gingivitis,Morus nigra,mouthwash}, url = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_53105.html}, eprint = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_53105_1b7419aff79f0acd7c9adccdba5f47ff.pdf} } @article { author = {Mojarrab*, M. and Saremi, G. and Emami, S.A.}, title = {Evaluation of antioxidant activity and identification of main compounds of various extracts of Artemisia turanica aerial parts}, journal = {Research Journal of Pharmacognosy}, volume = {4}, number = {Supplement}, pages = {36-36}, year = {2017}, publisher = {- The Iranian Society of Pharmacognosy - Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2345-4458}, eissn = {2345-5977}, doi = {}, abstract = {Background and objectives: Artemisia turanica Krash. grows wildly in north-eastern Iran. The aim of the present work was to undertake an investigation of the antioxidant activity as well as identification of main compound of different extracts and fractions of A. turanica. Methods: Total phenolic contents (TPC) and antioxidant activity of five different extracts (petroleum ether, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, ethanol and ethanol-water) and seven fraction of hydroethanolic extract was investigated by Folin-Ciocalteu assay and three different methods: β-catotene bleaching (BCB) test, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging method and ferrous ion chelating (FIC) assays, respectively. Purification of the major constituents of the most active fraction was done by preparative and semi preparative HPLC. Structure elucidation of isolated compounds was achieved using spectroscopic techniques including ESIMS, 1D and 2D NMR experiments. Results: Among the extracts analyzed, the hydroethanolic extract exhibited the highest phenolic content. Fraction D (40% MeOH in water) showed the highest total phenolics content and free radical scavenging activity but the only statistically significant correlation between TPC and EC50 values was observed for BCB. There were no significant differences (p<0.05) between the assays in screening the samples for the antioxidant ability. Two known isochlorogenic acid isomers, 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid and 4,5- dicaffeoylquinic acid were isolated from the most active fraction of hydroethanolic extract. Conclusion: The findings of the present study suggested that the hydroethanolic extract of A.turanica, (especially fraction 40% MeOH in water), could be regarded as a potential source of natural antioxidants.}, keywords = {Artemisia turanica,structure elucidation,total phenolic content}, url = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_53231.html}, eprint = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_53231_a39d1d005208fc4837462de896986a91.pdf} } @article { author = {Mojarrab*, M. and Jafari, A. and Rostami Dehmoradkhani, K.}, title = {Flavonoids from the aerial parts of Artemisia biennis Willd}, journal = {Research Journal of Pharmacognosy}, volume = {4}, number = {Supplement}, pages = {37-37}, year = {2017}, publisher = {- The Iranian Society of Pharmacognosy - Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2345-4458}, eissn = {2345-5977}, doi = {}, abstract = {Background and objectives: The genus Artemisia contains over 250 species all over the world. A. biennis Willd is one of the species which grows wildly in Iran. Camphor and (E)-beta-farnesene have been reported as the major components of the essential oil from A. biennis. In spite of the presence of a rather wide range of reported bioactivities there is no previous phytochemical study on  A. biennis. Methods: The plant was collected from Zoshk (Khorasan Razavi province, Iran). Extraction was done by maceration method using petroleum ether, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, ethanol and equal amounts of water and ethanol (hydroethanolic extract), respectively. A combination of solid phase extraction (SPE) and high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) of the hydroethanolic extract was used to purify the compounds. Structures of the isolated compounds were elucidated by spectroscopic means, including MS and 1HNMR. Results: Three known flavonoids, luteolin, kaempferol and apigenin were isolated and identified from the hydroethanolic extract. Conclusion: Our results are in good agreement with dominant presence of derivatives of the flavones luteolin and apigenin in the genus Artemisia which has been previously reported .}, keywords = {Artemisia biennis,Flavonoids,hydroethanolic extract}, url = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_53233.html}, eprint = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_53233_dcac62c1edfb8364d543c9277ad449b9.pdf} } @article { author = {Mojarrab*, M. and Jahanbani, P. and Nasseri, S.}, title = {Evaluation of antioxidant activity and phenolic contents and identification of main compounds of various extracts from Artemisia aucheri aerial parts}, journal = {Research Journal of Pharmacognosy}, volume = {4}, number = {Supplement}, pages = {38-38}, year = {2017}, publisher = {- The Iranian Society of Pharmacognosy - Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2345-4458}, eissn = {2345-5977}, doi = {}, abstract = {Background and objectives: Artemisia aucheri Boiss. is regarded as one of 34 Artemisia species growing in Iran. The aim of this study was to undertake an investigation of the antioxidant activity as well as identification of main compound of different extracts and fractions of A. aucheri. Methods: Antioxidant activity and total phenolics content of five different extracts (petroleum ether, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, ethanol and ethanol-water) and five fraction of ethanol extract was investigated by three different methods (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging method, ferrous ion chelating assay and β-catotene bleaching test) and Folin-Ciocalteu method, respectively. Purification of major constituents of the most active fraction was done by preparative and semi preparative HPLC. For one of the isolated compounds, structure elucidation was achieved using spectroscopic techniques (ESIMS, 1D NMR, 2D NMR) experiments. Results: Hydroethanolic extract exhibited the strongest inhibitory activity in BCB assay in comparison with other extracts. The ethanol extract was the most active one in DPPH assay while none of the extracts showed notable ferrous ion chelating activity. Fraction 40% MeOH in water showed both the highest total phenolics content and the most potent DPPH radical scavenging activity. Statistical analysis did not show any significant difference between the two aforementioned assays in screening the samples for the antioxidant ability. One known caffeic acid derivative, ethyl caffeate, was isolated from the most active fraction of ethanolic extract. Conclusion: The findings of present study suggested that A. aucheri may be regarded as a potential source of natural antioxidants.  }, keywords = {Artemisia aucheri,structure elucidation,total phenolics content}, url = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_53234.html}, eprint = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_53234_d6a415a10b9366fbf6df8788acb25671.pdf} } @article { author = {Tayarani-Najaran, Z. and Naseri*, N. and Kheshami, S.}, title = {Evaluation of cytotoxic effect of methanolic extracts isolated from endemic plants of Chaharmahal va Bakhtiari province on PC-3, MCF-7, Hep G2, CHO and B16-F10 cell lines}, journal = {Research Journal of Pharmacognosy}, volume = {4}, number = {Supplement}, pages = {39-39}, year = {2017}, publisher = {- The Iranian Society of Pharmacognosy - Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2345-4458}, eissn = {2345-5977}, doi = {}, abstract = {Background and objectives: To date, thousands of secondary metabolites have been isolated from plants and microorganisms and there is an unprecedented attention towards potential biomedical applications of natural compounds. In this study, cytotoxic properties of methanol extracts of Stachys obtusicrena, Aristolochia olivieri, Linum album, Dionysia sawyeri, Ajuga chamaecistus, Achillea kellalensis, Nepeta glomerulosa, Phlomis aucheria, Tanacetum dumosum, Dianthus orientalis, Scutellaria multicaulis, Cicer oxyodon and Picris oligocephalum which are widely grown in Iran, were investigated on PC-3 (prostat cancer), MCF-7 (breast cancer), Hep-G2 (liver cancer), CHO (ovarian cancer) and B16-F10 (melanoma) cell lines. Methods: The cancer cells were cultured in RPMI-1640 and incubated with different concentrations of the plant extracts. Cell viability was quantitated by Alamar blue® assay. The apoptotic cells were determined by PI coloring and Flow Cytometry (Sub-G1 peak). Results: The methanol extracts of D. sawyeri, S. obtusicrena, and C. oxyodon significantly decreased the viability of CHO cells. The Methanol extract of D. sawyer and L. album had cytotoxic effects on B16-F10 cells, whereas no toxicity was observed in MCF-7, Hep-G2 and PC-3 cell lines after incubation of the cancer cells with the plant extracts. The PI staining results showed that D. sawyeri, S. obtusicrena, and C. oxyodon in CHO cancer cells could induce apoptosis in a concentration-dependent manner. Conclusion: Screening plants to find the most cytotoxic extract showed D. sawyeri, S. obtusicrena, C. oxyodon and L. album had the potential for further analysis toward finding active phytochemicals with cytotoxic activity.}, keywords = {Apoptosis,B16-F10,CHO,Cytotoxicity,PI staining}, url = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_53235.html}, eprint = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_53235_92a9401bef7ddd1daf98105d39d0f35d.pdf} } @article { author = {Sadati Lamardi*, S.N. and Golbashirzadeh, N. and Shams Ardekani, M.R. and Amin, G. and Ostad, S.N.}, title = {Evaluation of some medicinal plants effect on Rhodamine 123 accumulation and efflux in Caco-2 cell line by flowcytometry}, journal = {Research Journal of Pharmacognosy}, volume = {4}, number = {Supplement}, pages = {40-40}, year = {2017}, publisher = {- The Iranian Society of Pharmacognosy - Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2345-4458}, eissn = {2345-5977}, doi = {}, abstract = {Background and objectives: In review of traditional Persian medicine (TPM) literature concerning multi drug therapy, a group of medicinal plants that are called "convoy drugs", agents which penetrate fast into whole or specific part of the body and accelerate delivery of drugs into specific target has been mentioned. In this study, the inhibitory effect of the aqueous extracts of some selected medicinal plants on P-glycoprotein (P-gp) was assessed in order to determine the possibility of herb-drug interactions. Methods: P-gp inhibitory effect of aqueous extracts (250 µg/mL) from some medicinal plants and verapamile (5 µg/mL) was measured using flow cytometry by Rhodamine 123 (Rh123) in Caco2 cell line. Inhibition percent of each sample (%) was compared with a control group (Caco-2 cell with Rh 123). Results: According to the results pennyroyal, aniseed (p<0.001), celery seed, melon seed and white agaric extract (p<0.01) exhibited the highest Rh123 percent in Caco-2 cells that could be associated with inhibitory effect on P-gp efflux activity. Conclusion: Considering that pennyroyal and aniseed showed the highest inhibitory effect on P- glycoprotein, pharmacokinetic interactions of these plants and P-gp substrates should be planned in future. Further studies about the effects of these plants on the pharmacokinetics of oral drugs should be considered.  }, keywords = {Caco-2 cell line,Medicinal plant,P-glycoprotein (P-gp),Rhodamine123,traditional Persian medicine (TPM)}, url = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_53236.html}, eprint = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_53236_64cc183a350829956d98f6ff5b53a5e9.pdf} } @article { author = {Taghizadeh*, Z. and Abbaspour, M.R. and Ebrahimipour, H. and Rajabi, O. and Moalemzadeh, H.}, title = {Preparation and evaluation of carvacrol pellets based on PVP solid-dispersion by extrusion-spheronization technique}, journal = {Research Journal of Pharmacognosy}, volume = {4}, number = {Supplement}, pages = {41-41}, year = {2017}, publisher = {- The Iranian Society of Pharmacognosy - Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2345-4458}, eissn = {2345-5977}, doi = {}, abstract = {Background and objectives: Carvacrol is one of the main pharmacologically active components of Thymus vulgaris essential oil which has shown several therapeutic effects. There are few works regarding the formulation of essential oils as oral solid dosage forms due to their liquid nature, stability and technical problems. The aim of this study was to combine the solid-dispersion approach and extrusion-spheronization technique to produce pellets with desirable physico-mechanical and release properties. Methods: Solid dispersion matrix (30%) of carvacrol in polyvinylpyrrolidone K30 was prepared by solvent evaporation. The matrix was mixed with Avicel and lactose and granulated by water. The wet mass was transformed into pellets by extrusion-spheronization. In order to compare the solid dispersion method with the classic approaches, another pellet formulation was prepared by absorption of carvacrol on Aerosil. The pellets were characterized for size (sieve analysis), shape factors (image analysis), mechanical strength, carvacrol content, and release rate (dissolution test). Accelerated stability test of formulations was also carried out. Results: Using suitable composition of solid dispersion matrix and granulation fluid, the pellets with desirable size and shape and mechanical properties could be produced. PVP-based pellets had higher mechanical strength, slower release rate and improved content and stability. The PVP ratio showed considerable effect on release properties of the pellets. Conclusion: Overall, the results revealed the feasibility of preparing desirable pellets containing carvacrol with acceptable content, stability and release properties which can be administered as hard gelatin capsules.  }, keywords = {carvacrol,extrusion-spheronization,pellet,solid dispersion,Thymus vulgaris}, url = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_53241.html}, eprint = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_53241_96bf83f0788f7f6d844f411dd96893be.pdf} } @article { author = {Naeini, S. and Delazar, A. and Asghariyan*, P. and Asnaashari, S.}, title = {Phytochemical analysis of essential oil of Anthriscus nemorosa and evaluation of antioxidant and anti-malarial activity}, journal = {Research Journal of Pharmacognosy}, volume = {4}, number = {Supplement}, pages = {42-42}, year = {2017}, publisher = {- The Iranian Society of Pharmacognosy - Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2345-4458}, eissn = {2345-5977}, doi = {}, abstract = {Background and objectives: This investigation was performed in order to analyze the composition of the essential oil (EO) of Anthriscus nemorosa and evaluation of its anti-oxidant and anti-malarial activity of its extracts and determination of the total phenolics content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC). Methods: One hundred g dried powder of Anthriscus nemorosa was submitted to hydro-distillation and also was extracted (with n-hexane, dichloromethane (DCM) and methanol (MeOH)), by using Clevenger and Soxhlet apparatus, respectively. Moreover, extracted essential oil (EO) was analyzed by GC-MS. Furthermore, the anti-oxidant, anti- malaria, Total phenolics content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) of EO and the extracts were investigated by DPPH, cell free 𝛽-hematin formation, Folin- Ciocalteau and colorimetric methods, respectively. Results: Fifty nine compounds, representing 94% of total oil were identified High content of terpenoids (60.02%) were identified in the essential oil with isogeranol (28.86%), crystathenyl acetate  (13.86%) and farnesene (10.39%) as the most dominant compounds.. Methanol extract demonstrated free radical scavenging activity (RC50 0.192±0.133).Total phenol contents was (325.82±2.72 mg/g). Total flavonoid content was (140.4096±2.4 mg/g). None of the extracts showed anti-malaria effect. Conclusion: Main constituents of A. nemorosa were terpenoids. In comparison with other species of Anthriscus, antioxidant activity of A. nemorosa essential oil was less noticeable.       }, keywords = {Anthriscus nemorosa,antioxidant assay,GC-MS,isogeraniol,wild parsley}, url = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_53242.html}, eprint = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_53242_8859873479ea5c52704b3ee044a5889a.pdf} } @article { author = {Farsaraei*, S. and Moghaddam, M. and Mehdizadeh, L.}, title = {Chemical composition and antifungal activity of thyme (Thymus vulgaris) essential oil}, journal = {Research Journal of Pharmacognosy}, volume = {4}, number = {Supplement}, pages = {43-43}, year = {2017}, publisher = {- The Iranian Society of Pharmacognosy - Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2345-4458}, eissn = {2345-5977}, doi = {}, abstract = {Background and objectives: The antifungal activity of the essential oils and their constituents against some phytopathogenic fungi has been reported. Thymus vulgaris (Lamiaceae) is one of the Thymus species.  A large number of studies have concerned the chemical compositions and antifungal activity of thyme’s oil. In order to reduce the use of synthetic fungicides, recently considerable attention has been given to search for naturally occurring compounds. The aim of the present work was to determine the chemical composition and antifungal activity of T. vulgaris oil cultivated in Iran. Methods: The essential oil from aerial parts of the plant at full flowering stage was subjected to hydrodistillation and chemical compounds were analyzed by GC/GC-MS. The in vitro antifungal activity against three phytopathogenic fungi (Drechslera spicifera, Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. ciceris and Macrophomina phaseolina)by of the oil was evaluated by agar dilution method. The data were subjected to ANOVA according to the SPSS 21 software. Results: Totally 45 compounds representing 96.75% of the oil were found. Thymol (36.81%) and ρ-cymene (30.90%) were the main components of thyme oil. According to the results, the antifungal activity of the oil increased with a rising in concentration. All of the tested fungi growth was completely inhibited on 1600 µL/L. In this study fungicidal activity was only observed on F. oxysporum and D. spicifera at concentrations higher than 800 µL/L.  Conclusion: The antifungal activity of T. vulgaris essential oil could be probably due to the high concentration of oxygenated monoterpenes (thymol) and monoterpene hydrocarbons (ρ-cymene).  }, keywords = {Composition,p-cymene,phytopathogenic fungi,thymol,Thymus vulgaris}, url = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_53243.html}, eprint = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_53243_d9806d15176c496f80c328ab3ab13f85.pdf} } @article { author = {Karimi*, Z. and Ghani, A. Ghani and Mohtashami, S.}, title = {Comparative study of essential oil content and composition of Ducrosia anethifolia at two phenologocal stage}, journal = {Research Journal of Pharmacognosy}, volume = {4}, number = {Supplement}, pages = {44-44}, year = {2017}, publisher = {- The Iranian Society of Pharmacognosy - Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2345-4458}, eissn = {2345-5977}, doi = {}, abstract = {Background and objectives: Ducrosia anethifolia is one species which belongs to Apiaceae family that is used to improve the odor of foods and drinks. It is used also to treat catarrh, headache and backache in folk medicine. The herb is also reported to relax the mind and body and induce a peaceful sleep. The growing stage has an important role in quantity and quality of medicinal plants metabolite. In this study, the oil content and composition of D. anethifolia at two growth stages (full flowering and seed formation) were studied. Methods: Oil content of this plant was isolated by hydrodistillation method by Clevenger type apparatus. Chemical composition was detected by GC and GC/MS analysis. Results: The results showed that the phenological stage had significant effect on the oil content and composition. Oil content at seed formation was more than the flowering stage (0.24 and 0.96% v/w, respectively). At the flowering stage, n-dodecanal (14.43%), dodecanal (13.30%) and n-decanoic acid (11.61%) were the major constituents while in the seed formation stage, they were detected slightly. Besides, at seed formation stage cis-chrysanthenyl acetae (39.06%), cubenol (7.97%) and p-cymene-7-ol (4.30%) were identified as the main composition. Conclusion: The results showed depending on our goal for each plant usage, the harvest time could be different; during seed formation the oil content increased significantly.}, keywords = {n-dodecanal,Ducrosia anethifolia,growth stage,stage cis-chrysanthenyl acetae}, url = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_53244.html}, eprint = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_53244_92debcee9968e136a9ce8ed1eecf10df.pdf} } @article { author = {Mehdizadeh*, L. and Khaleghi Miran, N. and Moghaddam, M.}, title = {Effect of growth stages on total phenolics content and antioxidant activity of Fumaria vaillantii L.}, journal = {Research Journal of Pharmacognosy}, volume = {4}, number = {Supplement}, pages = {45-45}, year = {2017}, publisher = {- The Iranian Society of Pharmacognosy - Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2345-4458}, eissn = {2345-5977}, doi = {}, abstract = {Background and objectives: Plant extracts and their constituents are known to exert biological effects, especially antioxidant activity. Fumaria vaillantii (Fumariaceae) has several therapeutic effects in traditional medicine. Antioxidants are able to protect the human body from oxidative damage connected to the reaction of free radicals. Synthetic antioxidants have toxic and carcinogenic effects on human health; therefore, their application has been limited. Thus, there has been an increasing interest in the natural antioxidant compounds to prevent the foods from deterioration. In this study, the antioxidant activity of F. vaillantii extracts at three stages of growth has been evaluated. Methods: The ethanol extracts from the aerial parts of the plants at different phenological stages were prepared and the total phenolics content was determined by Folin-Ciocalteu reagent. Also, the antioxidant activity were determined by three methods as 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), ferric-ion reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and phosphomolybdenum complex tests. All experiments were carried out in triplicate, and data were subjected to ANOVA according to the SAS software. Results: Total phenolics content of vegetative, budding and flowering stages were 68.38, 71.11 and 56.42 mg GAE/g extract, respectively. Although flowering stage showed the highest antioxidant activity in phosphomolybdenum complex, in DPPH and FRAP methods, it decreased from vegetative to flowering stages. Conclusion: According to the results, the Iranian F. vaillantii extract from vegetative stage was a potential source of natural antioxidants for food and pharmaceutical industries that can be used in different industries.}, keywords = {DPPH radicals,FRAP,fumitory,growth stage}, url = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_53245.html}, eprint = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_53245_d51ffe67b93367c6a5a32c67d0b65ae7.pdf} } @article { author = {Golkar, P. and Mosavat*, N.}, title = {Identification of chemical components in Zataria multiflora callus by GC-Mass analysis}, journal = {Research Journal of Pharmacognosy}, volume = {4}, number = {Supplement}, pages = {46-46}, year = {2017}, publisher = {- The Iranian Society of Pharmacognosy - Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2345-4458}, eissn = {2345-5977}, doi = {}, abstract = {Background and objectives: A modern biotechnological technique to obtain useful natural products from plants is to isolate them from their callus. Zataria multiflora is a bushy herb of the Lamiaceae family known for its stimulant, antibacterial, antioxidant and expectorant effects in Iranian folk medicine.  The present study has investigated the induction of callus tissue and identification of its chemical compounds by GC-Mass analysis. Methods: The plant seeds of were sterilized and cultured in petri dishes lined with MS medium. After the emergence of seedlings, leaf segments were transferred to another MS medium supplemented with 2 mg/L 2,4- Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid + 1 mg/L  Kinetin. The petri dishes were incubated in a growth chamber at 24 °C with photoperiod of 16/8 (light/dark). The methanol extract of the calli were extracted after 2 month of callus induction and the chemicals were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Reults: GC-MS analysis showed 20 different compound including different fatty acids, phytosterolls and phenolic compounds. Linolenic acid methyl ester (13.38%), thymol (10.34%), cyclohexasiloxane dodecamethyl (7.50%) and р-cymen (7.30%) were the dominant compounds, respectively. Conclusion: This novel   finding showed that in vitro production of thymol and other terpenoids by callus culture could be optimized for wide industrial and pharmaceutical applications via bioreactor systems employment.  }, keywords = {Callus Induction,Methanolic extract,thymol,Zataria multiflora}, url = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_53246.html}, eprint = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_53246_cd144e52510f1456bf637fef3f28aa97.pdf} } @article { author = {Shamalizade Baii, F. and Barancheshme*, M. and Bakhshi Jouybari, H. and Habibi, E.}, title = {Traditional uses, chemistry and pharmacology of Ruscus genus (“Murd esfarm” in traditional Persian medicine); a review}, journal = {Research Journal of Pharmacognosy}, volume = {4}, number = {Supplement}, pages = {47-47}, year = {2017}, publisher = {- The Iranian Society of Pharmacognosy - Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2345-4458}, eissn = {2345-5977}, doi = {}, abstract = {Background and objectives: Ruscus genus from Asparagaceae (popularly called Butcher`s broom) are perennial rhizomatous evergreen herbs and grows in Europe and south western Asia. They are generally used as anti-inflammatory, diaphoretic, diuretic, mildly laxative, and vasoconstrictive agents in many countries. Ruscus hyrcanus Woronov is widely distributed in north of Iran. It is known as “Murd esfarm” in Persian traditional medicine (TPM). Based on TPM, Iranian physicions applied “Murd esfarm” for various disorders such as epilepsy, diarrhea, expulsion of intestinal worms and for increasing milk secretion. This study aimed to identify “Murd esfarm” a drug used in TPM and develop its therapeutic aspects and introduce a novel species for treatment of chronic vein disease. Methods: This study was conducted using the electronic databases (e.g., Pubmed, Web of science) and important Iranian traditional medicine books such as the Canon of medicine, Makhzan-ol advie, Tuhfat al-Mu’minin. Results: Extracts of these plants were effective in increasing venous tone because of their anti-inflammatory and astringent properties, which is attributed to saponin glycosides. Ruscogenin and neoruscogenin are compounds that constrict and strengthen veins and promote circulation from the lower extremities in both species. Conclusion: R. hyrcanus is a unique species of Ruscus in Iran.Due to the similarity of the Butcher`s broom with the plant mentioned in TPM books, this species can be used for the treatment of many diseases related to vascular insufficiency, including varicose veins and hemorrhoids.}, keywords = {chronic vein disease,Persian traditional medicine,Ruscus,Saponin}, url = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_53247.html}, eprint = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_53247_66a005ba73595c6c021f4f7476822a71.pdf} } @article { author = {Soufi Abadi, J. and Afsharzadeh, N. and Azizi*, M.}, title = {An efficient method to induce regeneration and callogenesis in Crataegus microphylla L.}, journal = {Research Journal of Pharmacognosy}, volume = {4}, number = {Supplement}, pages = {48-48}, year = {2017}, publisher = {- The Iranian Society of Pharmacognosy - Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2345-4458}, eissn = {2345-5977}, doi = {}, abstract = {Background and objectives: Hawthorn as an ethno-pharmaceutical plant has been consumed for 2,500 years. Flowers, leaves and fruits of hawthorn are rich in antioxidant and polyphenols and are popular in the treatment of congestive heart failure. Methods: In the present study, by using various media and plant hormones the regeneration and callogenesis capacity of Crataegus microphylla L. was investigated. The one-year-old branches and lateral buds were selected for explant supply. Single nodes were sterilized in two different methods: either with ‘long-term sterilization’ (ethanol 60 s, NaClO 10%v/v 10 min) or with ‘shorter-term sterilization’ (ethanol 30 s, NaClO 10%v/v 15 min). Single nodes were then cultured in MS or DKW media with different concentrations of BA and 2,4-D. Results: After 10 days, cultured Hawthorn nodes regenerated up to 66% in DKW (supplemented with BA 9.06 μM) and to 50% in MS medium (supplemented with BA 13.32 μM and 2,4-D 2.26 μM). In shorter-term sterilization dark green leaves appeared on small sprouts. A callogenesis of 100% in MS (supplemented with 2,4-D 13.59 μM) was observed at the ends of all explants after one week when nodes were treated with long-term sterilization. Conclusion: This data suggests efficient and novel methods on induction of callogenesis and regeneration in Crataegus microphylla L. with the idea of supporting higher yields of therapeutically important secondary metabolites of hawthorn.}, keywords = {BA,Callogenesis,2,4-D,Regeneration,single node}, url = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_53248.html}, eprint = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_53248_1374652df85f77600d756814f768356c.pdf} } @article { author = {Mosavat*, N. and Youseffard, M.}, title = {Optimization of callus induction of Zataria multiflora under the effect of different plant growth regulators and explant source}, journal = {Research Journal of Pharmacognosy}, volume = {4}, number = {Supplement}, pages = {49-49}, year = {2017}, publisher = {- The Iranian Society of Pharmacognosy - Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2345-4458}, eissn = {2345-5977}, doi = {}, abstract = {Background and objectives: The Lamiaceae family is rich in favorable secondary metabolites which have different medicinal properties and also use in food, cosmetic and sanitary industry. Zataria multiflora Boiss. is an aromatic and bushy plant containing specific pharmaceutical components which is only distributed in certain regions of Iran. Tissue culture technologies could be suitable for in vitro production of Zataria. Methods: In this study, callus production and callus related traits of Zataria was evaluated at in vitro condition. Callus induction was performed on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium containing different levels of plant growth regulators including different cytokinins (Kinetin, benzyl amino purine) and auxins (2,4 dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and naphtalen acetic acid) and two different explant (hypocotyl and leaf). Results: The friable calli with yellow-green color only appeared from leaf explants on three different treatments including: 1: 2.5 (mg/L 2,4-D); 2: 2 (mg/L  2,4-D); 3: [2 (mg/L) 2,4-D+ 1 (mg/L Kin].  The best callus induction (75%) was obtained at 2,4-D (2 mg/L ) + Kin (1 mg/L) after 2 month of incubation under the photoperiod of 16/8 (light/dark). The highest callus growth rate (CGR) (0.072 mm/day) and callus fresh weight (0.135 g) were denoted to the treatment of 2 mg/L (2,4-D).  Conclusion: The benefits of the protocol described here include the possibility of its use throughout the callus culture for commercial production of suitable secondary metabolites of Zataria in rapid time and huge scale.  }, keywords = {Callus Induction,Plant growth regulators,Secondary metabolites,Zataria multiflora}, url = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_53250.html}, eprint = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_53250_604db5d7d31f7e90c51b906f93ae4b95.pdf} } @article { author = {Goodarzi*, S. and Tofighi, Z. and Asgharian, P. and Nateghpour, M. and Hadjiakhoondi, A. and Motevalli Haghi, A. and Mirzaei, J. and Marefat, R.}, title = {Hexane fraction of roots and ethyl acetate fraction of fruits of Astrodaucus persicus extract showed potent antimalarial and cytotoxic activities}, journal = {Research Journal of Pharmacognosy}, volume = {4}, number = {Supplement}, pages = {50-50}, year = {2017}, publisher = {- The Iranian Society of Pharmacognosy - Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2345-4458}, eissn = {2345-5977}, doi = {}, abstract = {Background and objectives: Aerial parts and roots of Astrodaucus persicus (Apiaceae), a native plant of Iran, were investigated. The existence of compounds with 1, 3-benzodiaxole structures has been confirmed in roots of this plant and different benzodioxole compounds have shown antimalarial and cytotoxic activities; therefore, present study has evaluated the antimalarial and cytotoxic effects of various extracts of fruits and roots fractions of A. persicus. Methods: Ripe fruits and roots of A. persicuswere extracted with 80% methanol and fractionated by different solvents. Antimalarial activity of fractions against Plasmodium berghei was investigated in mice and parasitemia and suppression percentage were reported for each fraction. Cytotoxicity of fractions were determined by MTT assay against human breast adenocarcinoma; MCF-7, colorectal carcinoma; SW-480 and normal L-929 cell lines.  Results: Hexane fraction of roots extract and ethyl acetate fraction of fruits extract at 500 mg/kg/day were the most active fractions exhibiting 73.3 and 72.3 % suppression on the fourth day, respectively. Hexane fraction of roots extract showed potent anticancer activities against breast (IC50 of 0.01 µg/mL) and colorectal (IC50 of 0.36 µg/mL) cancer cell lines compared to doxorubicin with IC50 of 0.35 and 2.50 µg/mL, respectively. Cytotoxic activity of RHE on normal cell lines was almost equal to doxorubicin. Conclusion: The results of this study have shown potent antimalarial and cytotoxic effects of hexane roots fraction of Astrodaucus persicus extract. On the other hand, ethyl acetate fraction of fruits extract showed antimalarial activity with no cytotoxicity.}, keywords = {Astrodaucus persicus,Cytotoxicity,Plasmodium berghei}, url = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_53251.html}, eprint = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_53251_6891928a8059a99b4ce7afc5d4a92c4e.pdf} } @article { author = {Khanavi*, M. and Dinarvand, R. and Esfandiari-Manesh, M. and Bagheri, N. and Manayi, A. and Mahmood Abadi, M.}, title = {Preparation and characterization of Tribulus terrestris-loaded nanoparticles}, journal = {Research Journal of Pharmacognosy}, volume = {4}, number = {Supplement}, pages = {51-51}, year = {2017}, publisher = {- The Iranian Society of Pharmacognosy - Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2345-4458}, eissn = {2345-5977}, doi = {}, abstract = {Background and objectives: Tribulus terrestris is a flowering herb (Zygophyllaceae) with several properties in folk medicine such as diuretic, tonic, aphrodisiac, analgesic, astringent, and stomachic-lithotripter activities. Although, some extracts and phytochemicals represent excellent bio-activity in vitro, less or no in vivo activity is observed due to their improper molecular size. The intend of this research was investigation of the feasibility of encapsulating T. terrestris into [poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid)] PLGA nanoparticles. Methods: Aerial parts of the plant were extracted with aqueous ethanol 85% by percolation apparatus. The nanoparticles of T. terrestris-loaded were prepared using a modified simultaneous double-emulsion solvent evaporation/diffusion method. Elucidations were made on the basis of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The content of nanoparticles was analyzed by HPLC with indirect method. Results: The results stated that increasing the portion of plant extract could cause bigger size with no considerable increase in polydispersity index (PDI). The encapsulation efficiency of T. terrestris-loaded nanoparticles was 40.3 to 78.5 and the drug loadings were 0.806 to 6.104, with different ratios of extract. The overall pattern of the release in SDS 1% in dialysis bag in all formulations showed similar and biphasic release kinetic, an initial burst release in the first day followed by constant release over 10 days. Conclusion: An effective approach for the preparation of T. terrestris-loaded PLGA nanoparticles was performed. The controlled release profile showed that these biodegradable PLGA nanoparticles had great potential and should be given particular consideration in further biological researches.  }, keywords = {Nanoparticles,PLGA,Tribulus terrestris}, url = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_53254.html}, eprint = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_53254_fb1c8df8bd22a543c75a21571190b110.pdf} } @article { author = {Yaghubi Beklar, S. and Hamzeh, M. and Talebpour Amiri*, F.}, title = {Ameliorative effect of Zingiber officinale on diazinon -induced testicular toxicity: A biochemical, histopathological, and immunohistochemical study}, journal = {Research Journal of Pharmacognosy}, volume = {4}, number = {Supplement}, pages = {52-52}, year = {2017}, publisher = {- The Iranian Society of Pharmacognosy - Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2345-4458}, eissn = {2345-5977}, doi = {}, abstract = {Background and objectives: Diazinon (O,O-diethyl O-2-isopropyl-6- methyl pyrimidinyl-4-g-1- phosphorothioate) is one of  the organophosphate insecticides for different agricultural and gardening uses, which can be highly toxic. Zingiber officinale(ginger), a spice and herbal medicine, has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. This study has investigated the effects of ginger against DZN-induced testicular toxicity. Methods: Thirty two adult male mice were randomly divided into four groups. The control group; ginger group (200 mg/kg); DZN group (10 mg/kg) and ginger + DZN group. Ginger and DZN were received for 30 consecutive days by gavage and DZN treat one hour after receiving ginger. Sperm parameters, testosterone levels, biochemical, histopathological and immunohistochemical assays of testis were evaluated. Results: The results revealed that treatment with DZN caused significant damage of sperm parameters (sperm motility, count, viability rate and abnormalities), increased oxidative stress (increased MDA and decreased GSH level), significant histopathological changes and decreased Johnsen’s Score, testosterone level and increased caspase-3 immunoreactivity. Ginger preserved sperm parameters and mitigated the toxic effects of DZN. Also, pretreatment with ginger significantly reduced caspase-3 immunoreactivity. Conclusion: Our results concluded that ginger probably with its antioxidant activity and scavenging free radicals protect against DZN-induced testicular toxicity.}, keywords = {caspase-3,Diazinon,ginger,organophosphate insecticide,oxidative stress,testicular toxicity}, url = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_53255.html}, eprint = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_53255_beb12c3b1015fcd127fe68645a328149.pdf} } @article { author = {Eslami Tehrani, B. and Shahrestani, R. and Bahmani, B. and Mosaddegh, M. and Nader*, N.}, title = {Cytotoxic activity of plants from Ardebil province}, journal = {Research Journal of Pharmacognosy}, volume = {4}, number = {Supplement}, pages = {53-53}, year = {2017}, publisher = {- The Iranian Society of Pharmacognosy - Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2345-4458}, eissn = {2345-5977}, doi = {}, abstract = {Background and objectives: Cancer is the third leading cause of mortality and morbidity in Iran and kills out about 30000 people a year. The drugs used to treat cancer have many side effects. So developing novel and effective drugs with lower side effects has a great importance. Located in the north-west of Iran, Ardebil province has a rich plant diversity which the biological effects of most of them are unknown. In this study, the cytotoxic effects of 18 plants collected from Ardebil have been investigated. Methods: The cytotoxic effect of total methanol extract and petroleum ether, chloroform and methanol fractions were investigated by using MTT assay against 4 selected human cancer cell lines MCF7, HepG-2, A-549, HT-29 and also a normal cell line, MDBK. Results: Total methanol extract and chloroform fraction of the aerial parts of Onopordon acanthium showed significant cytotoxic effect against all cell lines with 12.51≤ IC50 ≤ 55.72 and 6.49≤IC50≤31.5, respectively. Conclusion: The plant could be a candidate for further investigations on its cytotoxicity mechanism and also identification of active ingredients.  }, keywords = {Ardebil,Cytotoxicity,medicinal plants}, url = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_53256.html}, eprint = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_53256_94b4585837ea8754459ec403693d0799.pdf} } @article { author = {Ghaderi, N. and Seyed Hashtroudi*, M.}, title = {Antibacterial and antioxidant activities of the red algae Hypnea charoides from coasts of Chabahar}, journal = {Research Journal of Pharmacognosy}, volume = {4}, number = {Supplement}, pages = {54-54}, year = {2017}, publisher = {- The Iranian Society of Pharmacognosy - Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2345-4458}, eissn = {2345-5977}, doi = {}, abstract = {Background and objectives: Marine macro algae are one of the most economically important resources of the oceans which contain important biologically active secondary metabolites. So they can be widely used in various applications. Due to the limited research work on the bioactive metabolites from Iranian algae, the red seaweed, Hypnea charoides, collected from intertidal coasts of Chabahar was selected for the present study. Methods: The algae sample was dried in shade and then powdered. Methanol was used for extraction. Antibacterial activity of the algae was determined by serial dilution method in 96 well plate and finally minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the extract was evaluated against three bacteria. Cefixime was used as the standard antibiotic. The free radical scavenging activity of the methanol extract was measured by DPPH assay with BHT as the positive control. Results: MIC values of the extract for three bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia and Pseudomonas   aeruginosa) were 64 mg/mL and values for Cefixime was 8 µg/mL, 16 µg/mL and 128 µg/mL, respectively. IC50 of DPPH for sample and the standard were determined as 6.24 mg/mL and 0.16 mg/mL, respectively. Conclusion: According to the presence of biological active compounds in the selected algae, it seems that further studies can lead compounds of pharmaceutical importance.  }, keywords = {Antibacterial Activity,Antioxidant activity,Hypnea charoides}, url = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_53257.html}, eprint = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_53257_b10327665f116cf24fdbe7a258ba3963.pdf} } @article { author = {Feyzmand*, S. and Shahbazi, B. and Marami, M. and Bahrami, Gh. and Fattahi, A. and Shokoohinia, Y.}, title = {Mechanistic in vitro evaluation of Prosopis farcta roots as an antidiabetic folk medicinal plant}, journal = {Research Journal of Pharmacognosy}, volume = {4}, number = {Supplement}, pages = {55-55}, year = {2017}, publisher = {- The Iranian Society of Pharmacognosy - Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2345-4458}, eissn = {2345-5977}, doi = {}, abstract = {Background and objectives: Prosopis farcta has been used as a traditional herbal medicine for treating diabetes mellitus.The aim of this study was investigating the antidiabetic mechanisms of infusion extract of P. farcta and discovering the active extract for the first time. Methods: Six different extracts of P. farcta were prepared using five different solvents [ethanol, n-hexane, acetone, ethanol: water (1:1 v/v), and water]. Cytotoxicity and cell proliferation assays were performed on mouse pancreatic β-cells (β-TC3) using the MTT method. The effects of P. farcta on glucose metabolism (in HepG-2 hepatocellular carcinoma cell line) were evaluated. The protective effects of various P. farcta extracts on cytotoxicity, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), and streptozotocin-induced apoptosis in β-TC3 cells were investigated. Results: P. farcta did not affect the viability of β-TC3 and HepG-2 cells up to 0.5 mg/ml. Infusion (INF) was the only extract which could protect cells against STZ. The proliferation results showed P. farcta extract did not increase proliferation in β-TC3 cell line compare to control. Conclusion: Only INF attenuated the death and apoptosis induced by STZ in β-TC3 cells. It could exert a significant glucose-lowering effect.  }, keywords = {Diabetes Mellitus,HepG-2,Prosopis Farcta,β-TC3 cells}, url = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_53258.html}, eprint = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_53258_69c9697c0e9e1ad783560d9badf7ffaa.pdf} } @article { author = {Ketabi, A. and Fahimi, Sh. and Ghafari*, S. and Hesari, Z. and Sahranavard, S.}, title = {Formulation and quality control of a topical gel product for treatment of melasmaFormulation and quality control of a topical gel product for treatment of melasma}, journal = {Research Journal of Pharmacognosy}, volume = {4}, number = {Supplement}, pages = {56-56}, year = {2017}, publisher = {- The Iranian Society of Pharmacognosy - Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2345-4458}, eissn = {2345-5977}, doi = {}, abstract = {Background and objectives: Melasma is one of the most common pigmentary disorders. It has a considerable impact on quality of life. The treatment of melasma has still remained a challenge because the efficient treatment has not been proven until now and there is still a need to find new depigmenting products.Allium cepa L. and Cucumis melo L. seeds as well as tragacanth have been introduced in Iranian traditional medicine (ITM) as depigmenting agents. Moreover, modern studies have shown their antioxidant and inhibitory mushroom tyrosinase effect.In this study, a topical gel containing Allium cepa L. and Cucumis melo L. seeds extract was prepared with tragacanth and quality control evaluations have been accomplished. Method: After performing quality control of plants seeds and tragacanth according to pharmacopoeia, the ethanol extract of A. cepa and hydroalcoholic extract of C. melo seeds were prepared. An appropriate gel formulation was selected on the base of suitable viscosity. The gel product was formulated using 5% of each plant extracts in tragacanth gel base. In addition, the herbal gel was evaluated using pharmaceutical behavior such as physical appearance, pH, viscosity, spreadability as well as phenolics content. Results: The herbal gel product showed acceptable pharmaceutical behavior as well as considerable phenolic content (1.43±0.01 mg/g). Conclusion: The prepared topical gel product could be a good natural formulation candidate for clinical studies in the field of hyperpigmentation. Moreover, phenolic content of the product could be considered as an indicator for its quality control.}, keywords = {gel product,Iranian traditional medicine,ITM,melasma,phenolic content}, url = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_53261.html}, eprint = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_53261_787312b679321e1873c46e661498478d.pdf} } @article { author = {Safiaghdam*, H. and Oveissi, V. and Bahramsoltani, R. and Farzaei, M.H. and Rahimi, R.}, title = {Effects of Aloe vera (L.) Burm. f. in gingivitis: a review of clinical trials}, journal = {Research Journal of Pharmacognosy}, volume = {4}, number = {Supplement}, pages = {57-57}, year = {2017}, publisher = {- The Iranian Society of Pharmacognosy - Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2345-4458}, eissn = {2345-5977}, doi = {}, abstract = {Background and objectives: Gingivitis is the inflammation of gingiva which, unless treated, will lead to periodontitis in susceptible patients. Aloe vera (L.) Burm. f. (aloe) from the family Asphodelaceae (Liliaceae) is a perennial plant which originates from South Africa. Potentially active compounds of the leaves include vitamins, simple/complex polysaccharides, minerals, organic acids, and phenolic compounds. The aim of this study was to review the literature regarding the efficacy and safety of aloe in patients with gingivitis. Methods: Using the search formula "Gingivitis [title/abstract] AND Aloe vera/ Aloe [all fields]", electronic databases, including PubMed, Scopus, Science direct and Cochrane library were searched for clinical trials on treatments containing aloe for gingivitis and relevant articles with English full-text from 2000 until 2017 were finally included.  Results: Total of 8 clinical trials were finally included in this paper. Various preparations of aloe such as mouth rinse and dentifrice have been investigated in patients with gingivitis. Each study has measured the periodontal health via a specific index including plaque index, gingivitis index, and bleeding index, as well as the microbial count and composition of the oral cavity and biomarkers of inflammation in crevicular fluid and aloe could significantly improve the above mentioned parameters. Conclusion: It was concluded that aloe could improve periodontal health either alone or as an adjunct to scaling and root planning treatments. Some studies also proved its efficacy to be equal to other commercially available products such as chlorhexidine without having their side effects.  }, keywords = {Aloe vera,Gingivitis,oral cavity}, url = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_53263.html}, eprint = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_53263_97f24454f3a73e88908240bf86541519.pdf} } @article { author = {Madadi, M. and Ghafari, S. and Jahandideh, M. and Hesari, Z. and Fahimi*, Sh.}, title = {Preparation of a topical herbal formulation for hyperpigmentation}, journal = {Research Journal of Pharmacognosy}, volume = {4}, number = {Supplement}, pages = {58-58}, year = {2017}, publisher = {- The Iranian Society of Pharmacognosy - Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2345-4458}, eissn = {2345-5977}, doi = {}, abstract = {Background and objectives: Skin hyperpigmentation usually indicates an increase in production and accumulation of melanin. Hyperpigmentary disorders are characterized by the appearance of melasma, freckles and lentigo on the skin surface which can cause psychological disturbances. Herbal products could be extensively preferable due to their widespread accessibility and the vast experiential data retrieved from traditional medicine since many current products present undesired side effects. Rheum palmatum L. and. Rosa canina L. are two herbal remedies proposed by Iranian traditional medicine for hyperpigmentation whose tyrosinase inhibitory effect have been revealed in modern literatures. The aim of this research was to prepare a topical cream formulation from R. palmatum rhizome and R. canina fruit extracts and study its physicochemical characteristics.  Methods: Subsequent to performing the plants quality control tests and extraction, several formulations with different oily phase components were tested for selecting an appropriate cream base. In addition to physical characteristics and accelerated stability studies, total phenolics content of the herbal formulation was determined using Folin-Ciocalteu reagent.  Results: Herbal o/w cream containing 2.5% of each hydroalcoholic extract of R. palmatum and R. canina was prepared using almond oil, eucerrin and stearyl alcohol as the oil phase components. The herbal cream showed acceptable pharmaceutical behavior as well as considerable phenolic content (8.81±0.78 mg/g). Conclusion: The prepared herbal topical cream could be introduced as a natural formulation for further studies in the field of hyperpigmention. Moreover, phenolics content of the product could be considered as an indicator for its quality control.}, keywords = {herbal cream,hyperpigmentation,Phenolic Compounds,Rheum palmatum,Rosa canina}, url = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_53264.html}, eprint = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_53264_8b913ccfb7169e8da995e242888e827f.pdf} } @article { author = {Javaheri, S. and Hosseini*, A. and Ghiasvand, N. and Jafari, F. and Ahmadi, F. and Shokoohinia, Y.}, title = {Isolation and purification of sesquiterpene coumarins from Ferula assa-foetida and their in vitro interaction study with DNA}, journal = {Research Journal of Pharmacognosy}, volume = {4}, number = {Supplement}, pages = {59-59}, year = {2017}, publisher = {- The Iranian Society of Pharmacognosy - Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2345-4458}, eissn = {2345-5977}, doi = {}, abstract = {Background and objectives: Interaction of compounds with ct-DNA can affect the replication, protein synthesis and cell division. Different species of the genus Ferula (Apiaceae) have shown various biomedical applications for many centuries. Biological features of this genus such as cytotoxicity, antibacterial, antiviral, P-glycoprotein (P-gp) inhibitory and antiinflammatory activity have been attributed to sesquiterpene coumarins. Consequently, binding studies of sesquiterpen coumarin with ct-DNA are useful for the understanding of the reaction mechanism and providing guidance for the application and design of new and more efficient drugs targeted to DNA. Interaction of galbanic acid (GA) with ct-DNA, was evaluated by cyclic voltammetry (CV), diggerential pulse voltammetry (DPV), enhancement fluorescence, UV-VIS and FT-IR spectroscopy. Methods: The oleo gum-resin of Ferula assa-foetida was collected and dried in spring. Hexane extract of gum was prepared and defatted. Several coumarins were purified using normal open and preparative column and high performance liquid chromatographic methods and the structures were elucidated. GA is one of constituents isolated and binding interaction with ct-DNA was studied by CV, DPV, fluorescence, UV-Vis, FT-IR and spectroscopy.  Results: GA bears two cathodic peaks. The cathodic peaks I and II may correspond to the reduction of the alkene groups (-C3=C4- and –C6=C11-) at the electrode surface, respectively with average binding site size of 1.7. Conclusion: Binding of GA with ct-DNA caused significance chances in electrochemical and spectral characteristics of GA confirming the interaction mode of GA with ct-DNA in partial intercalation via DNA groove mode.}, keywords = {DNA binding,galbanic acid,sesquiterpene coumarin}, url = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_53266.html}, eprint = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_53266_3089f9fcd5249ba2e32d0eeaa8b2d4f3.pdf} } @article { author = {Norouzian, R. and Ghafari, S. and Heydarirad, Gh. and Fahimi*, Sh.}, title = {Development of a honey based tonic syrup for cancer-related fatigue}, journal = {Research Journal of Pharmacognosy}, volume = {4}, number = {Supplement}, pages = {60-60}, year = {2017}, publisher = {- The Iranian Society of Pharmacognosy - Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2345-4458}, eissn = {2345-5977}, doi = {}, abstract = {Background and objectives: Cancer-related fatigue (CRF) is the most common and distressing symptom that affects overall quality of life of cancer patients. Due to the multi-factorial etiology, there is currently no “gold standard” for treatment of CRF. Considering the growing importance of national traditional medicines, natural remedies are viewed as playing distinctive role. “Jollab” is a natural syrup prescribed by Iranian traditional medicine (ITM) scholars as tonic especially for the cardiovascular system. “Jollab” can consist of several ingredients although almost all traditional recipes include saffron and rose water as well as sugar or honey. The aim of this research was to develop a honey based “Jollab” and evaluate hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), a product of fructose decomposition, as an indicator of heating effect on honey. Methods: Several “Jollab” formulations with different proportions of honey and rose water were prepared using deslagging procedure through direct or indirect heating. The HMF content of the formulation was measured according to International Honey Commission (IHC) method. Results: “Jollab” was formulated with saffron (0.1%), honey (57.1%) and rose water (42.8%). Two-thirds of the rose water was evaporated during deslagging procedure through direct heating (up to 95 °C) and the remaining was added to the honey at the end of the process. Moreover, the HMF content of the prepared Jollab was 64.47±5.49 mg/kg which meets ICH standards. Conclusion: The developed honey based Jollab could be considered as a safe formulation for further studies in the field of CRF due to the acceptable HMF content.   }, keywords = {fatigue,HMF,honey,Iranian traditional medicine (ITM),syrup}, url = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_53268.html}, eprint = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_53268_01238120763b5bb912e4afc6328ee44c.pdf} } @article { author = {Sahranavard*, S. and Ghafari, S. and Irani, M. and Eslami Tehrani, B.}, title = {Neuroprotective activity of Leontice leontopetalum extract against H2O2-stimulated oxidative stress in PC12 cells}, journal = {Research Journal of Pharmacognosy}, volume = {4}, number = {Supplement}, pages = {61-61}, year = {2017}, publisher = {- The Iranian Society of Pharmacognosy - Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2345-4458}, eissn = {2345-5977}, doi = {}, abstract = {Background and objectives: Neuronal toxicity can be induced by oxidative stress via free radicals production. In recent years, great interest has been expressed to the traditional and herbal medicines. The purpose of this study was to elucidate the neuroprotective activity of Leontice leontopetalum methanol extract against H2O2-stimulated oxidative stress in PC12 cells. Methods: The plantLeontice leontopetalum was selected based on the ethnobotanical approach, which is used traditionally for the treatment of diseases related to inflammation and pain in Turkmen Sahra, Iran. Cytotoxicity of different concentrations of the methanol extract against PC12 cells was evaluated by MTT assay. Then PC12 cells were exposed to H2O2 in the presence or absence of the extract. In the next step, the total protein concentration was measured via Bradford assay and cyclooxygenase inhibition was determined by a screening assay kit. Nitrite accumulated in culture medium of supernatant was measured by Griess reaction. Results: Our results indicated that the methanol extract of Leontice leontopetalum significantly inhibited cyclooxygenase activity in the presence of H2O2; however, it was not able to inhibit nitric oxide generation in the stimulated PC12 cells. Conclusion: The results suggested that Leontice leontopetalum may be useful in reducing risk of neurodegenerative related diseases such as Alzheimer Disease.}, keywords = {cyclooxygenase 2,Neuroprotective,nitric oxide,PC12,traditional medicine}, url = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_53270.html}, eprint = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_53270_66db3a7080c8e8b3dda607a398537d72.pdf} } @article { author = {Nofallah, A. and Hooshmand*, Sh. and Gholami, M. and Piri, M.}, title = {Molecular docking study of Papaver alkaloids to some alkaloid receptors}, journal = {Research Journal of Pharmacognosy}, volume = {4}, number = {Supplement}, pages = {62-62}, year = {2017}, publisher = {- The Iranian Society of Pharmacognosy - Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2345-4458}, eissn = {2345-5977}, doi = {}, abstract = {Background and objectives: More than 40 different alkaloids have been obtained from opium the most important of which are morphine, codeine, papaverine, noscapine and tabaine. Opioid alkaloids produce analgesia by affecting areas of the brain that have peptides with pharmacological pseudo-opioid properties. These alkaloids show important effects on some intracellular peptides like mu, delta, and kappa receptors. Therefore, studying the effects of these alkaloids on different receptors is essential. Methods: Molecular docking is a well-known method in exploring the protein-ligand interactions. In this research, five important alkaloids were docked to crystal structure of human mu opioid receptor (4DKL), human delta opioid receptor (4EJ4) and human kappa opioid receptor (4DJH) which were retrieved from protein databank. The 3D-structures of alkaloids were drawn by chembiooffice2010 and minimized with hyperchem package and submitted to molecular docking utilizing autodock-vina. Flexibility of the proteins was considered. The docking studies were performed to compare the affinity of these five alkaloids to the mentioned receptors. Results: We computationally docked each alkaloid compound onto each receptor structure and estimated their binding affinity based on dock scores. Dock score is a criteria including binding energy which utilized here for prediction and comparison of the binding affinities. Binding interactions of the docked alkaloids in receptor pockets were also visually inspected and compared. Conclusion: In this approach, using docking study as a computational method provided a valuable insight of opioid receptor pocket structures which would be essential to design more efficient drugs in pain managements and addiction treatments.}, keywords = {alkaloids,chemometrics,Molecular docking,Papaver genus}, url = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_53272.html}, eprint = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_53272_1cd7a9dacec01b8bfe5c5bb28b8dcd72.pdf} } @article { author = {Akbari, P. and Naseri, M. and Asgharian*, P. and Delazar, A. and Asnaashari, S.}, title = {Evaluation of chemical composition and biological activity of the aerial parts of Artemisia fragrans}, journal = {Research Journal of Pharmacognosy}, volume = {4}, number = {Supplement}, pages = {63-63}, year = {2017}, publisher = {- The Iranian Society of Pharmacognosy - Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2345-4458}, eissn = {2345-5977}, doi = {}, abstract = {Background and objectives: The genus Artemisia, an important member of the Asteraceae family, is mostly distributed in Europe, North America, Asia and South Africa, and represented in Iranian flora by 34 species. In the Iranian traditional medicine these plants were used as anthelmintic and anti-inflammatory. The presence of sesquiterpene lactones and germacranolides were reported in A. fragrans. Our objective in this investigation was to identify the chemical constituents and antioxidant activity of A. fragrans. Methods: The essential oil (EO) and different extracts (n-hexane, dichloromethane, and methanol) of the aerial parts of A. fragrans were obtained by hydro-distillation and Soxhlet apparatus. The essential oil was analyzed by GC-MS and GC-FID. For further investigation, the MeOH extract (2 g) was subjected to Sep-Pack fractionation using a step gradient of MeOH-water. Moreover, the free radical scavenging activity of the EO and extracts was evaluated by the 2, 2-diphenyl -1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method. Results: The GC-MS analysis, led to the identification of six main monoterpenes accounting for the 88.7% of the total components present. Among the extracts, camphor was the main component. The essential oil of A. fragrans displayed weak antioxidant activity whereas the antioxidant activity of the MeOH extract was high. The analysis of the 20% and 40% methanolic Sep-Pack fractions resulted in the isolation of two flavonoid glycosides and one dipeptide. Conclusion: The results of the present study introduced A. fragrans as a new source of flavonoid glycosides and suggested it as an appropriate candidate for further radical scavenging studies.}, keywords = {antioxidant assay,Artemisia fragrans,GC-FID,GC-MS}, url = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_53273.html}, eprint = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_53273_50bd854fac57350af368426d01860baf.pdf} } @article { author = {Nofallah, A. and Gholami*, M. and Hooshmand, Sh.}, title = {Study of the metabolic profile of Papaver extracts by chromatographic and chemometrics methods}, journal = {Research Journal of Pharmacognosy}, volume = {4}, number = {Supplement}, pages = {64-64}, year = {2017}, publisher = {- The Iranian Society of Pharmacognosy - Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2345-4458}, eissn = {2345-5977}, doi = {}, abstract = {Background and objectives: Chromatography fingerprinting is considered as a comprehensive method for quality control, diagnosis and the nature of herbal drugs, and it is important to classify the different samples of medicinal plants and determine the chemical species present in them. Methods: In this research, a new strategy based on the combination of multivariate curve differentiation and multivariate classification has been developed for full analysis of fingerprint chromatography of extracts of aerial and terrestrial organs of different species of the Papaver genus. For this purpose, the extraction of chemical components in 18 different vegetation samples was performed by solvent extraction method using soaking method and repeated three times for each sample. Subsequently, the methanol extracts were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography-PDA detector and their fingerprint chromatography was obtained. The method of multivariate-least square squared-time separation was used to analyze the same data matrices for each chromatographic region by applying non-negative constraints, single-peak, spectral normalization, and component association. Results: Pure models chromatography, spectra and concentration of all chemical species found in different samples were obtained. In addition, various Papaver species were confirmed and in the next step some of them were determined by comparing the pure spectrum with the standard range. Conclusion: The results showed that the combination of multivariate and multivariate clustering methods could be used successfully for the complete analysis of the Papaver genus extracts, and open a new window to the analysis of the chemical components of complex samples such as herbal medicines.}, keywords = {chemometrics,fingerprint chromatography,Papaver genus}, url = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_53274.html}, eprint = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_53274_5ac258c460cfdf075d4857b612e02270.pdf} } @article { author = {Shakiba Maram, N. and Zarei Ahmady*, A.}, title = {Preparation, survey and comparison of the combined herbal cream in healing second-degree burns with silver sulfadiazine 1% in the rat}, journal = {Research Journal of Pharmacognosy}, volume = {4}, number = {Supplement}, pages = {65-65}, year = {2017}, publisher = {- The Iranian Society of Pharmacognosy - Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2345-4458}, eissn = {2345-5977}, doi = {}, abstract = {Background and objectives: Severe heat damage is one of the most physical and psychological damages that can harm a person. The severe burns are the most dangerous diseases due to the need for multiple surgical procedures and extensive rehabilitation. Second degree burns occur when the layers under the skin are damaged. Required treatment heavily depends on burns degree. There are many local therapies for treating injuries caused by burns. Among these treatments, silver sulfadiazine 1% is widely used in patients. Dressing with this cream, affects the repair of keratinocytes and delays wound healing. The purpose of this work was to provide an appropriate plant cream that in addition to treating burns would not have the side effects of chemical. Methods: Prepared extracts of Quercus infectoria, Curcuma longa, Camellia sinensis, Sesamum indicum, Aloe vera and Althaea officinalis were mixed with beeswax, stearyl alcohol and cholesterol with indirect heat to form creams. Results: Herbal cream reduced the treatment period by 30% compared to the silver sulfadiazine cream. Conclusion: Medicinal plants can be used as suitable sources for obtaining a wide range of medications and active drug combinations. The mixing plant extracts into the cream, caused cooling, decreasing treatment duration, relief of chronic pain during the treatment and prevented burn infections.}, keywords = {Aloe vera,herbal cream,Quercus infectoria,second-degree burn,silver sulfadiazine}, url = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_53275.html}, eprint = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_53275_4cf61d5bd87b4d2082b23ea006380645.pdf} } @article { author = {Hosseini*, A. and Moein, M. and Zebarjad, Z.}, title = {Analysis and evaluation of compounds from Cichorium intybus aromatic water trade market samples}, journal = {Research Journal of Pharmacognosy}, volume = {4}, number = {Supplement}, pages = {66-66}, year = {2017}, publisher = {- The Iranian Society of Pharmacognosy - Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2345-4458}, eissn = {2345-5977}, doi = {}, abstract = {Background and objectives: Cichorium intybus products are one of the best sellers in market Because of their effect on treatment of infection, poisoning, diabetes and allergy. This is the first study about Cichorium intybus market samplephytochemical compounds and the aim of this study was to define a method to recognize the original products. Methods: The sample compounds were extracted by liquid-liquid method and evaluated by GC-MS and compared with the references like Adams 2007. The obtained phytochemical data were analyzed with SPSS and classified by dendrogram method and was compared with the data earned from the standard sample. Results: Forty one compounds were detected. Carvacrol was available in all samples from 1.14 to 39.34%. Also, thymol was present in most of samples from 1.24 to 69.32%. Moreover, we understood that some compounds like pulegone, carvone, carvacrol and piperitenone could be detected in all samples mostly with different percentages. Some linear hydrocarbon was detected in this method along with some other unexpected compounds like cinnamaldehyde. Conclusion: Existence of some impure compounds like: pulegone, carvone, piperitenone and cinnamaldehyde in trade samples showed cleaning of container might not have been proper. Carvacrol and thymol are common compounds to define acceptable standard for Cichorium intybus aromatic water.}, keywords = {aromatic water,Cichorium intybus,GC-MS}, url = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_53276.html}, eprint = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_53276_bb20688bf1c05be73abedde0f07d8b35.pdf} } @article { author = {Saeedi, M. and Akbarzadeh, T. and Khanavi, M. and Vazirian, M. and Shams Ardekani, M.R. and Babaie*, K.}, title = {In vitro cholinesterase inhibitory activity of Areca catechu L.}, journal = {Research Journal of Pharmacognosy}, volume = {4}, number = {Supplement}, pages = {67-67}, year = {2017}, publisher = {- The Iranian Society of Pharmacognosy - Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2345-4458}, eissn = {2345-5977}, doi = {}, abstract = {Background and objectives: Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is characterized as the most prevalent age related neurodegenerative disease along with cognitive impairment in elderly people. Most of therapeutic treatments for AD have dedicated to the inhibition of cholinesterase (ChEs) to increase the level of acetylcholine (ACh) in the cholinergic synaptic cleft. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrilcholinesteras (BChE) are two enzymes which hydrolyze choline-based esters leading to the improvement of symptom in patients with AD. In this study, focusing on the efficacy and versatile biological activities of medicinal plants, we investigated the anti-ChE activity of Areca catechu L. used in Iranian traditional medicine for the improvement of AD symptoms. Methods: Anticholinesterase activity of aqueous and hydroalcoholic extracts of the plant was evaluated according to Ellman’s method and compared with rivastigmine as the reference drug. Also, kinetic study was performed based on the same method. Results: The best anti-AChE activity was obtained by aqueous extract of A. catechu with IC50 32.00±0.84 µg/mL. However, the hydroalcoholic extract showed anti-AChE activity with IC50 389.89±0.16 µg/mL. It should be noted that the aqueous extract of A. catechu depicted good activity against BChE with IC50 48.81±0.12 µg/mL whereas the hydroalcoholic extract showed no activity. Also, kinetic study of aqueous extract of A. catechu for AChE confirmed a mixed type of inhibition. Conclusion: Our results showed that A. catechu possessed satisfactory anti-ChE activity and could be considered for further anti-AD studies to obtain a herbal supplement.}, keywords = {Alzheimer’s disease,Areca catechu L,cholinesterase enzyme,medicinal plants}, url = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_53277.html}, eprint = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_53277_5bbf0de40735a167733b13df8e2a4f8c.pdf} } @article { author = {Ghafourian, E. and Kahrarian*, M. and Jafari, F. and Ghiasvand, N. and Jalilian, F. and Hosseinzadeh, L. and Shokoohinia, Y.}, title = {Evaluation of cytotoxic and apoptogenic effects of chlorogenic acid derivatives from Berberis vulgaris fruits on human breast adenocarcinoma cell line}, journal = {Research Journal of Pharmacognosy}, volume = {4}, number = {Supplement}, pages = {68-68}, year = {2017}, publisher = {- The Iranian Society of Pharmacognosy - Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2345-4458}, eissn = {2345-5977}, doi = {}, abstract = {Background and objectives: Because of the importance of breast cancer as a first cause of morbidity and mortality among females, also the limitation of chemotherapy and based on literature of the use of herbal medicines against cancer, the current study was aimed to determine the efficacy of Berbers vulgaris fruit ethanol extract against MCF-7 breast cancer cell line. Methods: The efficacy of the ethanol extract of B. vulgaris against MCF-7cells was determined after IC50 determination against 3T3 cell. Then, the fractions were obtained by methanol and aqueous solvents also by RP18. Then, IC50 of fractions were determined against 3T3 cells and the efficacy of fractions against MCF-7 was evaluated by quantative PCR. P53, Bax and BCL-2 expression levels were determined. Finally, by using HPLC and then NMR the active component was obtained. Results: The results demonstrated IC50 value of 9 mg/mL of the crude extract for inhibiting the cancer cells. On the other hand, 25 ug/mL of fraction B inhibited breast cancer cells and this fraction was purified by HPLC and chlorogenic acid as a main component along with 5-caffeoy1 quinic acid and 4-caffeoy1 quinic acid were identified. The structures of components were determined by HSQC, HMBC and COSY. Conclusion: The current study showed the efficacy of B. vulgaris fruit ethanol extract against MCF-7 breast cancer cell line with no harm against normal cells.}, keywords = {Bereberis vulgaris,4-caffeoy1 quinic acid,5-caffeoyl quinic acid,chlorogenic acid,MCF-7}, url = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_53278.html}, eprint = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_53278_654529b5f06c10f680223dfb4f61a4c8.pdf} } @article { author = {Taherabadi, F. and Kahrarian*, M. and Jafari, F. and Ghiasvand, N. and Ahmadi, F. and Hosseinzadeh, L. and Shokoohinia, Y.}, title = {Evaluation of cytotoxic and apoptotic effects of linoleic acid from Nigella sativa seeds on human ovary carcinoma cell line}, journal = {Research Journal of Pharmacognosy}, volume = {4}, number = {Supplement}, pages = {69-69}, year = {2017}, publisher = {- The Iranian Society of Pharmacognosy - Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2345-4458}, eissn = {2345-5977}, doi = {}, abstract = {Background and objectives: Black cumin is a herbaceous plant with scientific name Nigella sativa, that contains compounds such as fixed oils, proteins, alkaloids, saponins and essential oils. It has numerous health benefits including antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. In the current study, we have evaluated the cytotoxic effects of compounds isolated from the n-hexane extract of N. sativa on A2780, ovarian carcinoma cell line. Methods: Nigella sativa seeds were extracted with n-hexane, using Soxhelet method and winterized with MeOH. MeOH. The soluble phase was fractionated with chromatography. Cytotoxicity of fractions was tested on A2780 cell line with colorimetric method. The bioactive fraction was purified using column chromatography and HPLC. The cytotoxic effect of the purified fraction was investigated using MTT assay. Then, the most active compounds were identified and caspase-3 activity and mitochondrial membrane potential were measured in ovarian cancerous cells after 48 h exposure. Results: Our results showed Linoleic acid (LA) could reduce A2780 cell viability. Further, the mechanisms that involved in cytotoxic effect of LA were studied. Conclusion: After analyzing the data, the results showed that LA could induce apoptosis through activation of caspase-3 in A2780 cell line.Besides, LA had the ability to reduce mitochondrial membrane potential in A2780 cell line.}, keywords = {A2780 cell line,Apoptosis,Linoleic acid,Nigella sativa}, url = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_53279.html}, eprint = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_53279_a4f64e13d5406fb81bba31e0fd263738.pdf} } @article { author = {Yaghubi Beklar, S. and Hamzeh, M. and Ataee*, R.}, title = {Determination of blood glucose lowering and metabolic effects of Mespilus germanica L. extract on normal and streptozocin-induced diabetic Balb/c mices}, journal = {Research Journal of Pharmacognosy}, volume = {4}, number = {Supplement}, pages = {70-70}, year = {2017}, publisher = {- The Iranian Society of Pharmacognosy - Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2345-4458}, eissn = {2345-5977}, doi = {}, abstract = {Background and objectives: The serum glucose lowering, normalization animal body weight and antioxidative stress effects of Mespilus germanica L. leaf extract were investigated in normal and streptozotocin-induced Balb/C mices. Methods: The leaves of M. germanica were extracted using acetone/water (70:30) by percolation method and concentrated using rotary-evaporator device and its total phenolics and flavonoids content were determined using Folin-Ciocalteu and aluminum chloride methods, respectively. The study was conducted on forty eight matured male Balb/C mices (20-30 g) divided into 6 groups (n=8). Diabetes mellitus was induced by single intraperitoneal injection of 35 mg/kg of streptozotocin (STZ). Extracts of Mespilus germanica were used orally at the dose of 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg body weight per day for 21 days. Results: Oral administrations of the Mespilus germanica L. leaf extract significantly decreased serum glucose, oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation and maintained animal body weight during treatment period (p<0.05) compared to metformin (200 mg/kg) in over 100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg and 50 mg/kg dosages, respectively. Conclusions: It was concluded that the plant and its phytochemicals could be considered as new appropriate therapeutic options for diabetes mellitus.}, keywords = {Diabetes,Flavonoids,Mespilus germanica,Mice}, url = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_53280.html}, eprint = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_53280_fe0e482dace30aa9fd222128b18ae2bc.pdf} } @article { author = {Amirazodi*, Y. and Zarshenas, M.M. and Abolhassanzadeh, Z.}, title = {An overview on Phyllanthus emblica: phytochemical and pharmacological investigations}, journal = {Research Journal of Pharmacognosy}, volume = {4}, number = {Supplement}, pages = {71-71}, year = {2017}, publisher = {- The Iranian Society of Pharmacognosy - Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2345-4458}, eissn = {2345-5977}, doi = {}, abstract = {Background and objectives: Phyllanthus emblica L. (Phyllanthaceae), commonly known as Indian gooseberry, is an endemic plant to the tropical and subtropical areas in china, India and Thailand. The plant is extensively used in Chinese, Ayurveda, and traditional Persian medicine (TPM). In addition, there are numerous reports on pharmacological and clinical activities of gooseberry in current medicine. The present review was performed to compile the phytochemical and pharmacological data on P. emblica in order to draw a window for further research.  Methods: Databases such as Scopus, ScienceDirect and PubMed were searched for the term “P. emblica” up to 1st September, 2017. Papers concerning pharmacology and phytochemistry of the plant were gathered and analyzed. On the contrary, agriculture and genetic contents were excluded. Results: Over all, 80 papers were selected. The herb revealed to possess anti-diabetic, anti-oxidant, anti-proliferative, anti-inflammatory, antidepressant, larvicidal, anti-asthmatic, antiulcer, anti-aging, anti-carcinogenic, anti-tumor, anti-genotoxicity, anti-microbial, anticholinergic, antispasmodic, gastroprotective, anti-plasmodia, and antinociceptive activities as well as antidote effect against certain elements. The fruits are also useful in brain and gastrointestinal diseases and can be beneficial in hearth protection. Remarkably, many of those properties have been mentioned in TPM manuscripts.  Conclusion: Despite numerous pharmacological activities for P. emblica, there is still a gap between the in vivo and human studies which should be covered by more comprehensive and complementary studies. Many compounds have been isolated and elucidated from this plant which can be good candidates for various related activities and also as new natural medicaments in novel drug discovery.  }, keywords = {Pharmacology,Phyllanthus emblica L,review,traditional Persian medicine}, url = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_53281.html}, eprint = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_53281_c0d0654db015116aea49e8d8a7619984.pdf} } @article { author = {Kobarfard, F. and Komeilizadeh, H. and Ardam*, A. and Tabib, K. and Babaeian, M.}, title = {Determination of two capsaicinoids in analgesic transdermal patches using RP-HPLC and UV spectroscopy}, journal = {Research Journal of Pharmacognosy}, volume = {4}, number = {Supplement}, pages = {72-72}, year = {2017}, publisher = {- The Iranian Society of Pharmacognosy - Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2345-4458}, eissn = {2345-5977}, doi = {}, abstract = {Background and objectives: At the present time, a considerable frontier in the administration of therapeutic medications is transdermal drug delivery. Methods: In this study, a rapid, precise, sensitive and selective reversed-phasehigh performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) method has been evaluated, developed and validated to separate and quantitate capsaicin and dihydrocapsaicin (main active agents) in analgesic dermal patches produced in Iran. Results: After isolation from laminated adhesive patches, capsaicinoids were analyzed on Lichrospher C18 analytical columns with reversed phase, using a mobile phase composition of methanol and distilled water (70:30 v/v) and without any buffer (pH=6.5). The flow rate was 1 mL/min and the UV detector was operating at 281 nm. The assay was found to be linear over the range of 0.1-1.0 mg/mL. All validation parameters were within the acceptable range. Conclusion: It seems that the developed method was fairly sensitive and reliable in measuring capsaicinoids in commercially available analgesic transdermal patches in Iran.}, keywords = {Analysis,capsaicin,Natural product,RP-HPLC,transdermal patches,UV spectroscopy}, url = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_53282.html}, eprint = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_53282_047a5d9f4d705439a3d773c038656d25.pdf} } @article { author = {Moghimi*, Z. and Dehghan, Sh. and Sayadi, S. and Ghanbarian, A.}, title = {Therapeutic effects and mechanism of Teucrium polium in diabetes mellitus :a review article}, journal = {Research Journal of Pharmacognosy}, volume = {4}, number = {Supplement}, pages = {73-73}, year = {2017}, publisher = {- The Iranian Society of Pharmacognosy - Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2345-4458}, eissn = {2345-5977}, doi = {}, abstract = {Background and objectives: Amongst the serious metabolic disorders, diabetes mellitus (DM) is a common disease throughout the world. The excess of morbidity and mortality associated with DM and its complications emphasize the importance of new or alternative therapeutic strategies in prevention and treatment of this chronic disorder. Medicinal herbs grow vastly in Iran and are widely used for natural treatment of diseases. One of these medicinal plants, which has been recommended in Iranian folk medicine for treatment of DM since centuries ago, is Teucrium polium L. Methods: We searched the following electronic databases with use of keywords such as Teucrium polium, diabetes mellitus, insulin and mechanism in search engine such as Sciencedirect and Pubmed to identify the reports of relevant to Teucrium polium and diabetes mellitus. Results: In some studies, the hypoglycemic activity of Teucrium polium extracts was referred to the presence of flavonoids (rutin and apigenin), sterols, and volatile oils as the active constituents. Rutin has hypoglycemic effects possibly by stimulating glucose utilization in extra hepatic tissues and probably apigenin is responsible for stimulating the insulin release from pancreas. Conclusion: In recent studies Teucrium polium was known as a hypoglycemic plant but toxicologic studies and clinical trials are required to determine if Teucrium polium has the potential to be an effective and safe glucose lowering agent for diabetic patients.}, keywords = {Diabetes Mellitus,insulin,Mechanism,Teucrium Polium}, url = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_53283.html}, eprint = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_53283_ab93231430d0e20f31d70bf0c7797241.pdf} } @article { author = {Dehdari, S. and Hajimehdipoor*, H.}, title = {Adiantum capillus-veneris Linn. (Maidenhair fern) in modern phytotherapy}, journal = {Research Journal of Pharmacognosy}, volume = {4}, number = {Supplement}, pages = {74-74}, year = {2017}, publisher = {- The Iranian Society of Pharmacognosy - Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2345-4458}, eissn = {2345-5977}, doi = {}, abstract = {Background and objectives: Maidenhair fern is an herbal medicine belonging to the family Pteridaceae which is extensively found in Atlantic coast as far as Ireland, America and Iran. The fronds of Adiantum capillus-veneris are prescribed for treatment of different diseases. Different phytochemical compositions such as flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, terpenoids, etc. have been found in this species. Due to the various phyto-compositions, the plant has been investigated for its pharmacological properties. Methods: Databases were searched for “Adiantum capillus-veneris”, “Maidenhair fern” without limitation up to 2016. Data on the herb were collected via electronic databases including Web of science, PubMed, Scopus, SID (for Persian papers), Science direct and Cochrane Library. Results: Maidenhair fern revealed to possess numerous pharmacological effects such as anti-diabetic, analgesic, hypocholesterolemic, goitrogenic, anti-thyroidal, antibacterial effects, etc. in modern medicine. Conclusion: Maidenhair fern grows in many places. Because of different phytoconstituents of the species, many pharmacological effects are ascribed to the plant. So, the herb can be a good choice for clinical studies.}, keywords = {Adiantum capillus-veneris Linn,Maidenhair fern,Pteridaceae}, url = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_53284.html}, eprint = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_53284_e3cc9887901e7a8416668877cb64c6fe.pdf} } @article { author = {Alizadeh*, S. and Hajizadeh Moghaddam, A. and Zare, M.}, title = {The antioxidant effect of hesperetin and nano-hesperetin on activity of catalase and superoxide dismutase enzymes in the hippocampus of animal model of Parkinson's disease}, journal = {Research Journal of Pharmacognosy}, volume = {4}, number = {Supplement}, pages = {75-75}, year = {2017}, publisher = {- The Iranian Society of Pharmacognosy - Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2345-4458}, eissn = {2345-5977}, doi = {}, abstract = {Background and objectives: Hesperetin flavanone is a natural bioflavonoid found abundantly in citrus fruits with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Nano sizing techniques improve the bioavailability of poorly soluble drugs such as hesperetin. Main feature of Parkinson's disease is the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. The rate of oxidative damage increases during Parkinson's disease, as the efficiency of antioxidant and repair mechanisms decreases.The purpose of this study was to investigate the beneficial potential of hesperetin and nano-hesperetinon the activity of catalase and superoxide dismutase antioxidant enzymes in the animal model of Parkinson's disease. Methods:  Forty nine male rats were divided into 7 groups. All groups except the control group and vehicle with unilateral injection of 6-hydroxydopamine to striatum were converted to Parkinson's models. The four treatment groups received 5 and 10 mg/kg hesperetin and nano-hesperetinper day orally for four weeks. Then, at the end of the fourth week, the activity of catalase and superoxide dismutase in the hippocampus area was measured. Results: The results showed that intrastriatal injection of 6-hydroxydopamine significantly (p<0.001)  reduced the activity of catalase and superoxide dismutase enzymes versus control group, while in lesion groups treated with hesperetin and nano-hesperetinenhanced significant activity of this antioxidant enzymes compared with 6-hydroxydopamine-lesion group was observed. Conclusion: Hesperetin and nano-hesperetinwith their protective and antioxidant effects couls significantly increase the activity of antioxidant enzymes such as catalase and superoxide dismutase, as well as decrease the oxidative stress in the hippocampus of animal model of Parkinson’s disease.  }, keywords = {Antioxidant enzymes,hesperetin,6-hydroxydopamine,nano-hesperetin,oxidative stress}, url = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_53285.html}, eprint = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_53285_885e50a63323e4d0585571caa9d6fb8d.pdf} } @article { author = {Dehdari, S. and Hajimehdipoor, H. and Esmaeili*, S. and Choopani, R. and Mortazavi, S.A.}, title = {Anti-hemorrhoidal plants in Iranian traditional medicine}, journal = {Research Journal of Pharmacognosy}, volume = {4}, number = {Supplement}, pages = {76-76}, year = {2017}, publisher = {- The Iranian Society of Pharmacognosy - Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2345-4458}, eissn = {2345-5977}, doi = {}, abstract = {Background and objectives: Hemorrhoidal disease is a prevalent anorectal condition that is explained as the symptomatic expansions and displacements of the normal hemorrhoidal cushions. Symptomatic hemorrhoids affect more than one million individuals in the western world every year. Hemorrhoids is a well-known disease in Iranian traditional medicine (ITM). Avicenna and other Iranian traditional practitioners have exactly defined this condition in their manuscripts and herbal therapy was the main treatment that was recommended. In the present study, medicinal plants with hemorrhoids healing properties in ITM have been investigated. Method: ITM  textbooks including “Al Qanun fi al-tibb (Canon of medicine)”, “Al-Havi (Liber continent)”, “Alabnie an haghaegh ol advieh (the Book of remedies)”, “Al-jami li-mufradat al-adviya va al-aghziya”, “Ikhtiyarat‑e‑ badiyee”, “Tohfat-ol-momenin” and “Makhzan ol advieh  were searched to find the most used herbs. Results: Some of obtained plants such as Commiphora mukul (Hook. ex Stocks) Engl., Phyllantus emblica L. and Aloe vera (L.) Burm.f.,were the most used herbs. Conclusion: these plants could be introduced as the good resources for future studies in order to produce novel drugs.}, keywords = {hemorrhoids,Iranian traditional medicine,plants}, url = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_53286.html}, eprint = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_53286_c0e2a12835b2c4716b1208e9a646c501.pdf} } @article { author = {Esfahanizadeh, M. and Hamedeyazdan*, S. and Fathiazad, F.}, title = {Caffeic acid derivative from Clinopodium umbrosum}, journal = {Research Journal of Pharmacognosy}, volume = {4}, number = {Supplement}, pages = {77-77}, year = {2017}, publisher = {- The Iranian Society of Pharmacognosy - Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2345-4458}, eissn = {2345-5977}, doi = {}, abstract = {Background and objectives: Plants of genus Clinopodium have been used in different cultures as traditional medicines.Due to theimportance of medicinal properties of the genus Clinopodium, C. umbrosum was selected for phytochemical analysis along with evaluation of its antioxidant property. Methods: The aerial parts of C. umbrosum were extracted with petroleum ether, chloroform, and methanol. Later, the methanol extract was fractionated via solid phase extraction and reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography. Consequently, structure of the isolated compound was analyzed through spectral analysis of 1D and 2D NMR data. Besides, the essential oil of C. umbrosum achieved through hydrodistillation was analyzed via gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Additionally, the antioxidant property of C. umbrosum methanol extracttogether with its phenolics and flavonoids content were assessed. Results: Structure elucidation of the purified compound revealed presence of a caffeic acid derivative in C. umbrosum methanol extract. GC-MS analysis of the essential oil showed limonene, acetophenone, palmitic acid and phytol as the most frequent components of the essential oil. Moreover, the RC50 value for free radical scavenging activity of  the methanol extract was determined as 38.52 µg/mL and values for the total phenolics and flavonoids contact were calculated as 5.14 g gallic acid equivalent and 4.25 g quercetin equivalent per 100 g of dried plant material, respectively.  Conclusion: Overall, the present study was the first report on the phytochemical analysis of C. umbrosum whichrevealed presence of rosmarinic acid as the main component of the methanol extract with prominent antioxidant activity.}, keywords = {Lamiaceae,Palmitic Acid,rosmarinic acid}, url = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_53287.html}, eprint = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_53287_520194dea003447aaba90f5da14ae7c1.pdf} } @article { author = {Jamshidi kia, F. and Saeidi, K. and Lorigooini*, Z.}, title = {Quantification of caffeic acid content in 4 species of mullein (Verbascum sp.) ecotypes from southwest Iran}, journal = {Research Journal of Pharmacognosy}, volume = {4}, number = {Supplement}, pages = {78-78}, year = {2017}, publisher = {- The Iranian Society of Pharmacognosy - Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2345-4458}, eissn = {2345-5977}, doi = {}, abstract = {Background and objectives: The Verbascum genus is the largest genus of Scrophulariaceae family which has extensive natural habitat in southwest of Iran. Phenolic acids are one of the most important chemical compounds that have different biological activities including anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antiviral, anti-tumor and antioxidant. Therefore, this study was conducted with the aim of caffeic acid quantification of 4 species of Verbascum sp. ecotypes from southwest Iran. Methods: Nine ecotypes of the 4 species (V. macrophyllus, V. pseudo- digitalis, V. sinatum, V. songaricum) were collected from the southwest of Iran. Quantification of caffeic acid contentusing reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) with UV PDA 2800 detector, a C18 column with dimensions of 250×4.6 mm was performed. Results: The results showed that Verbascum sp. contained caffeic acid compound and there was a difference among species and ecotypes. The results showed the highest and lowest content of caffeic acid obtained from the V. sinatum species and ecotype Sepidan (7.76 μg/mg extract) and V. songaricum species and ecotype Farokhshahr (0.54 μg/mg extract), respectively. Conclusion: The results revealed a high level of variation in caffeic acid among Verbascum sp. which was affected by habitat and climatic. The pattern of habitats of suitable ecotypes superior in terms of composition to should be selected and used for breeding and cropping mullein.}, keywords = {caffeic acid,HPLC,Verbascum}, url = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_53288.html}, eprint = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_53288_0d19c9217bc9207e9690548a68ce6dfc.pdf} } @article { author = {Delnavazi, M.R. and Yassa, N. and Shakeri, A. and Rostamiasrabadi*, P.}, title = {Marrubium parviflorum Fisch. & C.A.Mey.; phytochemical constituents and antioxidant activity}, journal = {Research Journal of Pharmacognosy}, volume = {4}, number = {Supplement}, pages = {79-79}, year = {2017}, publisher = {- The Iranian Society of Pharmacognosy - Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2345-4458}, eissn = {2345-5977}, doi = {}, abstract = {Background and objectives: Marrubium parviflorum Fisch. & C.A.Mey. (Lamiaceae) is a medicinal plant with documented antioxidant and analgesic effects distributed in Iran and Turkey. In the present study, the aerial parts of this species were subjected to phytochemical analysis, as well as antioxidant activity assays. Methods: Antioxidant activity of the petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate and n-butanol fractions of M. parviflorum aerial parts were evaluated using DPPH free radical-scavenging assay. Phytochemical constituents of the fractions having the most antioxidant activity were investigated on silica gel (normal and reversed phases) and sephadex LH-20 columns. Structures of the isolated compounds were elucidated using 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR and UV spectral analyses. Result: In DPPH free radical-scavenging assay, the ethyl acetate and n-butanol fractions demonstrated considerable antioxidant activity with IC50 values of 84.1 ± 5.1 and 85.6 ± 3.4 µg/mL, respectively. Phytochemical investigation of the mentioned fractions resulted in the isolation of eleven compounds including forsythoside B (1), verbascoside (2), quercetin-3-O-rutinoside (3), chlorogenic acid (4), quercetin-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (5), 1,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid (cynarin) (6), 4,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid (7), caffeic acid glucoside (8), chrysoeriol 7-O-(3''-O-E-p-coumaroyl)-β-D-glucopyranoside (9), chrysoeriol 7-O-(3'',6''-di-O-E-p-coumaroyl)-β-D-glucopyranoside (10) and apigenin 7-O-(6''-O-E-p-coumaroyl)-β-D-glucopyranoside (11). Conclusion: The results of this study introduced M. parviflorum as a plant rich in flavonoids, phenylethanoid glycosides and caffeoylquinic acid derivatives. A review on biological activity of the isolated compounds suggested the possible involvement of these compounds in previously reported antioxidant and analgesic activity of M. parviflorum. These findings were also indicated more medicinal potential of M. parviflorum and highlighted the species for further biological studies.    }, keywords = {Antioxidant,Marrubium parviflorum Fisch. & C.A.Mey,Phenolic Compounds}, url = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_53289.html}, eprint = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_53289_08c468e18170d60325192c35011dcca2.pdf} } @article { author = {Rezghi, M. and Zakerin, S. and Hajimehdipoor*, H. and Hamzeloo-Moghadam, M.}, title = {Formulation of a poly herbal gel for uterus flux}, journal = {Research Journal of Pharmacognosy}, volume = {4}, number = {Supplement}, pages = {80-80}, year = {2017}, publisher = {- The Iranian Society of Pharmacognosy - Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2345-4458}, eissn = {2345-5977}, doi = {}, abstract = {Background and objectives: Over the centuries, herbal drugs have been used as major sources of medicine for the prevention and treatment of diseases. In recent years, there has been an exponential growth in the field of herbal medicines and these drugs are gaining popularity both in developing and developed countries because of their natural origin and less side effects. The present research has been undertaken to formulate and evaluate an herbal gel for uterus flux based on Iranian traditional medicine references. Methods: An aqueous extracts of fruit peels of Punica granatum and leaves of Myrtus communis, ethanol extract of oleo gum resins of Boswellia carterii and hydro-alcoholic extract of Carum carvi fruits were obtained. The gel was prepared by using the plants extract, carbopol 940, propylene glycol, tri-ethanolamine and distilled water. Further, the prepared gel was evaluated for physicochemical and microbial characteristics. Moreover, accelerated laboratory stability tests were performed. Results: The results showed good appearance and homogeneity of the gel. It was yellow-brown in color with acceptable physicochemical characteristics. Besides, the gel was stable towards physical changes and successfully passed microbiological tests. Conclusion: The prepared gel contained tannins which are astringent agents; therefore, this product could be an appropriate candidate for disorders like uterus flux with respect to its traditional use.  }, keywords = {Formulation,gel,Herbal medicine,Iranian traditional medicine,uterus flux}, url = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_53291.html}, eprint = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_53291_2a65dd7064879e7a0fedd0715333a272.pdf} } @article { author = {Dehdari, S. and Hajimehdipoor*, H. and Esmaeili, S. and Choopani, R. and Mortazavi, S.A.}, title = {An herbal formulation for hemorrhoids treatment}, journal = {Research Journal of Pharmacognosy}, volume = {4}, number = {Supplement}, pages = {81-81}, year = {2017}, publisher = {- The Iranian Society of Pharmacognosy - Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2345-4458}, eissn = {2345-5977}, doi = {}, abstract = {Background and objectives: Hemorrhoids is the most painful rectal disease. Straining and pregnancy seem playing chief roles in the development of hemorrhoids. Symptoms of hemorrhoids may include bleeding, inflammation and pain. Despite current medical efforts, many discomforts of hemorrhoids have not been handled. The aim of the present study was to formulate and evaluate Itrifal-e muqil (IM) tablet to achieve desired pharmaceutical properties. Method: Quality control tests of Allium ampeloperasum L, Commiphora mukul (Hook. ex Stocks) Engl., Phyllanthus emblica L., Terminalia chebula Retz. and Terminalia bellerica Retz. were performed. Afterwards, different formulations were prepared and their physical properties were evaluated. Subsequently, the formulation was coated and its physicochemical characteristics were assessed. Result: All of the herbs demonstrated good results in quality control tests according to United State Pharmacopeia (USP). Formulation-1 that was completely prepared based on explained manufacturing process of IM in traditional medicine manuscripts did not show suitable pharmaceutical properties. Among different formulations, Formulation-3 that consisted of A. ampeloperasum, C. mukul, P. emblica, T. chebula and T. bellerica, displayed best outcomes through different tests. Conclusion: Modern pharmaceutical approaches can excellently be adapted for IM preparations.}, keywords = {hemorrhoids,Itrifal-e muqil,tablet}, url = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_53293.html}, eprint = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_53293_63c941c953836e01d31e53279025e1a6.pdf} } @article { author = {Tabibi, H. and Asgharian*, P. and Delazar, A. and Asnaashari, S.}, title = {Phytochemical analysis and biological activity evaluation of essential oil of Scrophularia atropatana}, journal = {Research Journal of Pharmacognosy}, volume = {4}, number = {Supplement}, pages = {82-82}, year = {2017}, publisher = {- The Iranian Society of Pharmacognosy - Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2345-4458}, eissn = {2345-5977}, doi = {}, abstract = {Background and objectives: Scrophularia atropatana (S. atropatana) is endemic to western and central regions of Iran. It belongs to the genus of Scrophularia (family: Scrophulariaceae). These species have been found to possess antibacterial, antitumor and anti-inflammatory properties. Most of these effects were proven to be attributed to the non-volatile components, which were known as secondary metabolites. Iridoids, phenylpropanoids, phenolic acids and flavonoids have been identified as their main secondary metabolites. This investigation was performed to analyze the composition of the essential oil (EO) of S. atropatana and evaluation of its anti-oxidant and total toxicity properties. Methods: About 150 g powder of the air dried parts of S. atropatana was submitted to hydro-distillation and also was successively extracted (with n-hexane, dichloromethane (DCM) and methanol (MeOH)), by using Clevenger and Soxhlet apparatus, respectively. In addition, Essential Oil (EO) was analyzed by GC-MS and GC-FID. Furthermore, the anti-oxidant activity of the extracts, fractions and EO as well as general toxicity were investigated by DPPH and brine shrimp larva assay, respectively. Results: Totally, sixty eight volatile compounds were identified, which constituted 91.78% of the total oil composition. Among the compounds, major constituents were identified as non-terpenoides (59.59%). Moreover, among the extracts and EO, methanol extract demonstrated high free radical scavenging and general toxic activities with RC50 equal 0.143±0.13 mg/mL and LD50 0.271 mcg/mL respectively. Conclusion: Overall, the main constituents of S. atropatana were hydrocarbons. In comparison to other genesis of Scrophularia, antioxidant activity of the essential oil of S. atropatana was less noticeable.       }, keywords = {antioxidant assay,GC-FID,GC-MS,Scrophularia atropatana}, url = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_53294.html}, eprint = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_53294_d3e4eb2eecd159fe2b088b320805212c.pdf} } @article { author = {Sharafi*, Z. and Ghani, A. and Salehi, S. and Mohtashami, S.}, title = {Antioxidant activity, phenolics content and total flavonoids of caper fruit (Caparis spinosa) at different maturity stages}, journal = {Research Journal of Pharmacognosy}, volume = {4}, number = {Supplement}, pages = {83-83}, year = {2017}, publisher = {- The Iranian Society of Pharmacognosy - Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2345-4458}, eissn = {2345-5977}, doi = {}, abstract = {Background and objectives: Capparis spinosa is a perennial herb belonging to the Capparidaceae family that is mainly distributed in arid and semi-arid regions of the tropical and subtropical world. The plant is a potential source of valuable nutrients that is valued for human food. The fruit of this plant, being a rich source of high-value components, is usually pickled and added to salads, sauces and jams. Different organs have different amounts of biochemical compounds. Maturity stages have important effects on fruit quality. In order to determine the best time for obtaining the maximum secondary metabolites (phenolics content, antioxidant activity and total flavonoids) from caper fruits, three stages of maturity (unripe, ripe and over ripe fruits) were studied. Methods: Measured factors were antioxidant activity (DPPH radical scavenging property) total flavonoids, flavones and flavonols content, total phenolic compounds (Folin reagent by calorimetric method), tannin content and carbohydrate content. Results: The results showed the significant effect of fruit maturity on most measured traits. Maturity decreased flavones and flavonoles (0.72, 0.34 and 0.22 mg quercetin/g respectively) and total flavonoids content (7.20, 3.61 and 3.51 mg quercetin/g respectively) while total phenolic and carbohydrate has increased during ripening. Antioxidant activity had not significant changed during ripening. Conclusion: Unripe fruits were the best samples for achieving the maximum flavonoids content that were assumed as major compound of Caper fruit.}, keywords = {Capparis spinosa,medicinal plants,Phenolic Compounds,ripening}, url = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_53295.html}, eprint = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_53295_6a977a6ca9d906eecf815879301545fe.pdf} } @article { author = {Azarnoosh, E. and Ohadi, B. and Yasrebinezhad, Z. and Vazirian*, M.}, title = {Using polysaccharides against cancer}, journal = {Research Journal of Pharmacognosy}, volume = {4}, number = {Supplement}, pages = {84-84}, year = {2017}, publisher = {- The Iranian Society of Pharmacognosy - Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2345-4458}, eissn = {2345-5977}, doi = {}, abstract = {Background and objectives: Nowadays cancer is one of the most important concerns of the society. The adverse effects of common therapeutics and resistance of some cancerous cells to treatment have brought the necessity of new approaches towards the issue. Polysaccharides are a group of carbohydrates found in natural sources. In the present article, our goal was to show the positive effects of carbohydrates (especially polysaccharides) in cancer treatment, based on literature review. Methods: The literature review was carried out between 1990 and 2017 inclusive using the following search terms: cancer, carbohydrate and polysaccharide and was performed with use of Google scholar, Medline, Scopus, PubMed, Elsevier and other similar data banks, related to medicine and pharmaceutical fields. Results: Plants like Lyceum barbarum, Astragalus membrannceous, Panax ginseng, and Antrodia camphorate have been studied with promising effects in combating cancerous cells. The polysaccharides from these plants have benefits with numerous mechanisms such as apoptosis, inhibition of angiogenesis, anti-proliferation, immunomodulation, tumor suppression, and increase in macrophage activity. Other studies showed over 200 mushrooms with anticancer effects, especially basidiomycetes (e.g. Ganoderma lucidum). Sulfated polysaccharides found in sea and animals or even a few bacteria like E. coli showed to be useful in cancer. Conclusion: Scientists are realizing the importance of natural drugs and polysaccharide as good and available sources that could give a bright future for prevention, cure and palliative therapy in cancer.}, keywords = {cancer,natural,Polysaccharide,Tumor}, url = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_53296.html}, eprint = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_53296_dde37d2252d71e2b09fd3c313eac86c4.pdf} } @article { author = {Karimi, Sh. and Talebpour Amiri*, F. and Hosseinimehr, S.J.}, title = {Protective effect of Zataria multiflora on hepatotoxicity induced by cisplatin in mice}, journal = {Research Journal of Pharmacognosy}, volume = {4}, number = {Supplement}, pages = {85-85}, year = {2017}, publisher = {- The Iranian Society of Pharmacognosy - Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2345-4458}, eissn = {2345-5977}, doi = {}, abstract = {Background and objectives: Cisplatin (CP), the chemotherapy drug, is used for the treatment of many types of cancer but causes hepatotoxicity. Zataria multiflora Boiss. (ZM), is a widely used herbal medicine with potent antioxidant properties. This study aimed to assess the protective effect of Zataria multiflora against cisplatin-induced hepatotoxicity. Methods: In this experimental study, thirty-two male mice were randomly divided into four groups. The control group; ZM group which received ZM (200 mg/kg) during 7 days by gavage; CP group which received CP (10 mg/kg) intraperitoneally in 5th day of the study and ZM+CP group. Serum parameters such as alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and also malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH) and protein carbonyl (PC) levels in liver tissue of mice, histopathological and immunohistochemical assays were examined to determine hepatotoxicity. Results: CP caused significant (p<0.05) increase in serum AST and ALP, increased oxidative stress (increased of MDA, PC and decreased of GSH) in liver tissues, histological changes (hepatocellular degeneration, necrosis, inflammatory cell infiltration, congestion, sinusoidal dilatation), and increased caspase-3 immunoreactivity. ZM provided a significant (p<0.05) protective effect against cisplatin-induced hepatotoxicity. Conclusion: The hepatoprotective effects of ZM could be due to the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and free radical scavenging activities.}, keywords = {Cisplatin,caspase-3,hepatotoxicity,oxidative stress,Zataria multiflora Boiss}, url = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_53297.html}, eprint = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_53297_4456eb6da5fc43a456fdf52a2c99e6f7.pdf} } @article { author = {Hosseinabadi*, T. and Kobarfard, F. and Mojab, F. and Ghashghaee, D.}, title = {Identification and determination of chemical compounds of five aromatic waters from Iran}, journal = {Research Journal of Pharmacognosy}, volume = {4}, number = {Supplement}, pages = {86-86}, year = {2017}, publisher = {- The Iranian Society of Pharmacognosy - Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2345-4458}, eissn = {2345-5977}, doi = {}, abstract = {Background and objectives: Herbal aromatic waters are one of the products used in the Iranian traditional medicine. These products have small amount of essential oil. The purpose of this study was to identify the effective substances of herbal aromatic waters by various techniques (GC/FID and GC/MS). It is hoped that with assessment of these compounds by mentioned techniques a suitable way could be found for standardization of the herbal aromatic waters. Methods: Four medicinal plants (Zataria multiflora, Fumaria parviflora, Rosa damascena, and Mentha spicata) and aromatic water of Salix aegyptiaca were purchased from Tehran and their aromatic waters were extracted by hydrodistillation. In the next step, the essential oils of these aromatic waters were extracted by n-hexane and injected into GC/FID and GC/MS and chemical compounds were identified. Also, the standard components (thymol, carvone and 2-phenylethanol) were injected to GC, separately and calibration curves were drawn. So, the content of the major components was calculated, carefully. Results: The results showed that the essential oil of F. parviflora contained more than 30 compounds. Its main compounds included carvacrol (16.7%) and dihydroactinidiolide (13.8%). The essential oil of Salix aegyptiaca had 27 different compounds including 1,4-dimethoxybenzene (33.3%) and heptacosane (28.1%). Z. multiflora, M. spicata and R. damascena essential oils contained thymol (0.065 mg/mL), carvone (0.01 mg/mL) and 2-phenylethanol (0.015 mg/mL), as the main component, respectively. Conclusion: These results can be helpful for standardization and quality control of aromatic waters used in Iran.}, keywords = {Fumaria parviflora,Mentha spicata,Rosa damascena,Salix aegyptiaca,Zataria multiflora}, url = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_53298.html}, eprint = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_53298_74a6258cebf64b70ec9aa25f05e6c245.pdf} } @article { author = {Ghasabian Dezfooli, M. and Hamid, M. and Nowruzi*, B.}, title = {Evaluation of antioxidant activity of natural product compounds from Platycladus orientalis leaves}, journal = {Research Journal of Pharmacognosy}, volume = {4}, number = {Supplement}, pages = {87-87}, year = {2017}, publisher = {- The Iranian Society of Pharmacognosy - Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2345-4458}, eissn = {2345-5977}, doi = {}, abstract = {Background and objectives: Natural product compounds of plants have been used since ancient times and in folklore medicine for the treatment of many diseases and illnesses. Oxygen-centered free radicals and other reactive oxygen species, which are continuously, produced in vivo, result in cell death and tissue damage. Oxidative damage caused by free radicals may be related to aging and diseases, such as arteriosclerosis, diabetes, cancer, and cirrhosis. Although almost all organisms possess antioxidant defense and repair systems that have evolved to protect them against oxidative damage, these systems are insufficient to prevent the damage entirely. However, antioxidant supplements from plants may be used to help the human body reduce oxidative damage. Platycladus orientalisis an ornamental conifer of the cypress family. The leaves of Platycladus orientalis have been used in medicine for treatment of gout, rheumatism, diarrhea and chronic tracheitis. This study has aimed at evaluating the in vitro antioxidant activity of extracts of Platycladus orientalisleaves, in comparison with commercially available antioxidants. Methods:The antioxidant activity was assessed by reducing power, total phenolics content, DPPH radical scavenging activity and RBC hemolysis. Results: The results showed that both the water and the ethanol extracts exhibited strong total antioxidant activity. More statistical data analysis is in process. Conclusion: This result may be a major reason for introducing Platycladus orientalisas a good scavenger of hydrogen peroxide, superoxide, and free radicals. However, the components responsible for the antioxidative activity of Platycladus orientalisleaves are currently unclear. Therefore, it is suggested that further work could be performed on the isolation and structural identification of the antioxidant compounds from Platycladus orientalisleaves and to evaluate its in vivo effects.}, keywords = {Antioxidant activity,Natural product,Platycladus orientalis}, url = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_53299.html}, eprint = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_53299_9fadc42bb87d1fe7029ed177c3c20222.pdf} } @article { author = {Arab, F. and Jafari Azar, Z. and Nejad Ebrahimi, S. and Amin*, G.R.}, title = {Extraction, quantification, formulation and evaluation of oral capsules from burdock fruits}, journal = {Research Journal of Pharmacognosy}, volume = {4}, number = {Supplement}, pages = {88-88}, year = {2017}, publisher = {- The Iranian Society of Pharmacognosy - Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2345-4458}, eissn = {2345-5977}, doi = {}, abstract = {Background and objectives: Burdock (Arcticum lappa L.) is a Eurasian species of plants in the sunflower family and has been used for hundreds of years by scientists and traditionally in North America, Europe, Asia and especially in China. It has also been used in gouts, hepatitis, blood pressure and other inflammatory disorders. There are several major compounds in different parts of this species and the main ingredients of the fruits, are arctiin and arctigenin. Methods: In this investigation, we obtained the dried seeds of burdock from Jahad Keshavazi Institute of medicinal plants, Karaj, Iran and ground the fruits and extracted them with ethanol 70% via maceration. Extracted material was filtered and analyzed by HPLC. Results: Quantification of Arctiin via HPLC analysis showed that it was 396.32 mg/g in the total extract. Conclusion: Depending on the measured arctiin, various oral capsule formulations were evaluated using the fruit extract and common fillers, such as Avistel 102, starch and lactose. The standardization of capsules was based on the presence of 396.32 mg/g of arctiin in each 250 mg capsule.}, keywords = {arctiin,Arctium lappa,burdock,HPLC}, url = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_53300.html}, eprint = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_53300_766e5f32140755474b77f8ac8c59b972.pdf} } @article { author = {Eftekhari*, M. and Shams Ardekani, M.R. and Khanavi, M. and Amini, M.}, title = {The effect of collection time on essential oil of Oliveria decumbens Vent.}, journal = {Research Journal of Pharmacognosy}, volume = {4}, number = {Supplement}, pages = {89-89}, year = {2017}, publisher = {- The Iranian Society of Pharmacognosy - Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2345-4458}, eissn = {2345-5977}, doi = {}, abstract = {Background and objectives: Oliveria decumbens belongs to Apiaceae family and is used in wide range of diseases such as gastrointestinal disorder. Several studies have shown that Oliveria decumbens essential oil possessed high amount of thymol and carvacrol but some other studies revealed that myristicin was one of the main components of the oil. The aim of the present study was investigation of the lunar phases effect on chemical composition and yield of the essential oil. Methods: Oliveria decumbens aerial parts were collected in three times based on the lunar phases (new moon, full moon and waning crescent) from the southwest of Iran. The essential oils of all three phases were obtained using hydrodistillation and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Results: Our results showed that the plant was collected in the full moon phase indicated the highest yielded of the oil (4%), whereas the new moon showed the lowest yield (1.2%). Moreover, this investigation revealed that, the lunar phases significantly affected the main components of the oils. The full moon essential oil had high proportions of thymol and carvacrol (totally: 75.09%) and waning crescent volatile oil showed the lowest proportion (56.92%). It is noticeable that myristicin was in the highest amounts in waning crescent (15.32%) while being the lowest in the new moon phase (2.01%). Conclusion: According to the results, difference of the three essential oils may be due to the difference of the lunar phases. Complementary studies on the plant essential oil in the lunar phases are in progress.}, keywords = {full moon,lunar phases,new moon,Oliveria decumbens,waning crescent}, url = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_53301.html}, eprint = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_53301_79c9cbdb860db5705440326ef40569f0.pdf} } @article { author = {Tayyeb*, S. and Nejad Ebrahimi, S. and Mirjalili, M.H. and Tabefam, M. and Hamburger, M.}, title = {Two new tropolonic alkaloids from Colchicum speciosum Steven bulbs}, journal = {Research Journal of Pharmacognosy}, volume = {4}, number = {Supplement}, pages = {90-90}, year = {2017}, publisher = {- The Iranian Society of Pharmacognosy - Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2345-4458}, eissn = {2345-5977}, doi = {}, abstract = {Background and objectives: The genus Colchicum belongs to the family Colchicaceae, which comprises of 19 genera, and 225 species worldwide. They have been recognized for more than 2000 years for their noticeable biological properties. The Colchicum species are well known for presence of tropolonic alkaloids, mainly colchicine. Colchicine, is still the drug of choice for treatment of gout, and is used for the treatment of a number of proinflammatory disorders, such as familial Mediterranean fever, and Behcet’s disease. Clinical studies have proved colchicine to posses potent anti-tumor activity. Colchicum speciosum Steven is an indigenous perennial herbaceous plant widely distributed in northern, central and western regions of Iran.  Methods: In the present study, the phytochemical composition of MeOH extract from bulbs of C. speciosum collected fromSavadkouh region, Iranwas investigated by combination of HPLC-PDA-MS spectrometry and NMR specroscopy. The fractionation of MeOH extract was carried out by partitioning on CH2Cl2, EtOAc and water. Results: The isolation and purification of CH2Cl2 portion by combination of reverse and normal phase chromatography resulted in the isolation, purification and identification of two new tropolonic alkaloids, compounds (1) and (2), as well as two known compound colchicine (3) and demecolcine (4). Their structures were established by extensive spectroscopic methods, including 1D (1H NMR) and 2D-NMR (COSY, HSQC and HMBC). The absolute configurations of isolated compounds were established by aid of circular dichroism. Conclusion: Phytochemical investigation of CH2Cl2 extract of C. speciosum by combination of HPLC, column chromatography and hyphenated spectroscopic techniques led to identification two new alkaloids with potential as lead compounds.  }, keywords = {colchicine,Colchicum speciosum Steven,tropolonic alkaloid}, url = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_53302.html}, eprint = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_53302_ee47bcfe2ee8cacbbba876df0043452d.pdf} } @article { author = {Dehdari, S. and Hajimehdipoor, H. and Esmaeili*, S. and Choopani, R. and Mortazavi, S.A.}, title = {Plants for the management of post hemorrhoidectomy discomforts; Avicenna’s view}, journal = {Research Journal of Pharmacognosy}, volume = {4}, number = {Supplement}, pages = {91-91}, year = {2017}, publisher = {- The Iranian Society of Pharmacognosy - Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2345-4458}, eissn = {2345-5977}, doi = {}, abstract = {Background and objectives: Hemorrhoids is the most prevalent rectal disease which is defined as enlargement of ano-rectal cushions.  Intensified pressure on vascular plexus of hemorrhoids seems playing a chief role in the development of hemorrhoids. Hemorrhoidectomy is an important surgery to relieve discomforts of patients that suffer from symptomatic hemorrhoids. This review study was done to investigate the useful plants for the management of post-surgery discomforts according to Avicenna’s view. Methods: Administrated herbs by Avicenna were chosen using “Bavasir” keyword (traditional term for hemorrhoids) from Canon of medicine. Result: Some herbs including Hypericum perforatum, Cocos nucifera, Anethum graveolens etc. were the most prescribed species by Avicenna for the management of post-hemorrhoidectomy complications. Conclusion: The most prescribed herbal medicines by Avicenna are good candidates to relieve discomforts of patients after hemorrhoidectomy operation.}, keywords = {Avicenna,hemorrhoidectomy,herbal medicines}, url = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_53305.html}, eprint = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_53305_f047c7a9a89185e635e065d7e4c45dcc.pdf} } @article { author = {Charkhpour, M. and Hamedeyazdan, S. and Fathiazad, F. and Parvizpur, A. and Pourallahvirdy*, F.}, title = {The effect of Ocimum basilicum total extract on the development of tolerance to morphine analgesia in male rats}, journal = {Research Journal of Pharmacognosy}, volume = {4}, number = {Supplement}, pages = {92-92}, year = {2017}, publisher = {- The Iranian Society of Pharmacognosy - Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2345-4458}, eissn = {2345-5977}, doi = {}, abstract = {Background and objectives: Long-term exposure to opiates induces tolerance to the analgesic effect. The chronic use of opioids in glia cells produces pro-inflammatory mediators such as Tissue Necrosis Factor α and interleukins. Regarding the reports on Ocimum basilicum (Family: Lamiaceae) which has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, it is probable that it could delay the tolerance to analgesic effect of morphine. Methods: Ethanol extract of O. basilicum was obtained via maceration method. Existence of rosmarinic and caffeic acids as the dominant components of the extract was revealed according to the thin-layer chromatography approach in the presence of standard compounds. Groups of rats received daily morphine (10 mg/kg, intraperitoneal; i.p.) in combination with vehicle or the ethanol extract (20, 40, 80 mg/kg, i.p.). The last group of rats received ethanol extract alone (40 mg/kg, i.p.) which was the lowest effective dose of the extract. Nociception was assessed using hotplate apparatus (55 °C). Results: Ocimum basilicum contained valuable antioxidant compounds such as rosmarinic and caffeic acids. Morphine tolerance was completed after the 7th day in the control and vehicle groups. Morphine tolerance was completed in the 9th day (p<0.05) with 20 mg/kg of the extract. On the other hand, tolerance was completed with 40 mg/kg and 80 mg/kg of the extract in the 13th day and 15th day respectively (p<0.001) and the lowest effective dose of extract (40 mg/kg, i.p.) without morphine had no analgesic effect. Conclusion:Theresults showed that the ethanol extract of O. basilicum dose dependently delayed morphine induced tolerance.  }, keywords = {analgesia,Morphine,Ocimum basilicum,tolerance}, url = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_53307.html}, eprint = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_53307_5a89580503c401326468976b6f3c74e2.pdf} } @article { author = {Rezapour, H. and Rouhani*, M. and Mirjafary, Z.}, title = {Evaluation and comparison of different extraction methods from Stevia rebaudiana}, journal = {Research Journal of Pharmacognosy}, volume = {4}, number = {Supplement}, pages = {93-93}, year = {2017}, publisher = {- The Iranian Society of Pharmacognosy - Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2345-4458}, eissn = {2345-5977}, doi = {}, abstract = {Background and objectives: Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni is a herbaceous and a small shrub of the Compositae family. It is native to certain regions of South America. Since 1970s, Stevia extracts have been extensively used in many countries as a sugar substitute. Stevia is cultivated in many countries: Paraguay, USA, Mexico, Central America, Japan, China, Malaysia, South Korea, Spain, Italy and UK. In Brazil, Korea and Japan, Stevia leaves and refined extracts are officially used as a low calorie sweetener. This study was planned to extract stevioside from stevia leaves using different methods such as maceration, Soxhlet, microwave and ultrasonic irradiation and to characterize it so as to know about its extraction yield. Methods: Stevia plants were raised in open fields in Roudsar, Gilan, Iran. Sonication was performed in Bandelin SONOPULS ultrasonic homogenizers with 20 kHz processing frequency, a nominal power 250 W, uniform sonic waves and constant sound radiation. The microwave-assisted procedures were carried out in a Milestone Microwave Oven operating at 1600 W. Results: The stevioside extraction percentage through HPTLC was shown to be in highest percent for extraction under ultrasound irradiation. Water was found to be suitable for the high yield of extracted stevioside in this study. Conclusion: This method could further be employed at large scale and could be used as an effective method for extracting higher yield of glycosides for industrial applications.}, keywords = {Background and objectives: Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni is a herbaceous and a small shrub of the Compositae family. It is native to certain regions of South America. Since 1970s,Stevia extracts have been extensively used in many countries as a sugar substitute. Stevia is cultivated in many countries: Paraguay,USA,Mexico,Central America,Japan,China,Malaysia,South Korea,Spain,Italy and UK. In Brazil,Korea and Japan,Stevia leaves and refined extracts are officially used as a low calorie sweetener. This study was planned to extract stevioside from stevia leaves using different methods such as maceration,Soxhlet,microwave and ultrasonic irradiation and to characterize it so as to know about its extraction yield. Methods: Stevia plants were raised in open fields in Roudsar,Gilan,Iran. Sonication was performed in Bandelin SONOPULS ultrasonic homogenizers with 20 kHz processing frequency,a nominal power 250 W,uniform sonic waves and constant sound radiation. The microwave-assisted procedures were carried out in a Milestone Microwave Oven operating at 1600 W. Results: The stevioside extraction percentage through HPTLC was shown to be in highest percent for}, url = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_53308.html}, eprint = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_53308_83c9ae2f3efecd19a8f5d69171a7cccb.pdf} } @article { author = {Rostamiasrabadi*, P. and Shahpiri, Z. and Bahrmasoltani, R. and Farzaei, M.H. and Rahimi, R.}, title = {Lippia citrodora: a review on its phytochemistry and pharmacological activities}, journal = {Research Journal of Pharmacognosy}, volume = {4}, number = {Supplement}, pages = {94-94}, year = {2017}, publisher = {- The Iranian Society of Pharmacognosy - Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2345-4458}, eissn = {2345-5977}, doi = {}, abstract = {Background and objectives: Lippia citrodora commonly known as lemon verbena is a species of flowering plant in the verbena family, native to western South America. With its antioxidant effects, it is mostly used in folk medicine to treat anti-inflammatory diseases, and diseases associated with oxidative stress. This review has presented a summary on L. citordora’s phytochemistry and its pharmacological activities. It will also discuss gaps and challenges needed to be solved. Methods: Electronic database including Web of Science, PubMed, Science Direct and Google Scholar were searched for articles published between 1973 and 2017 regarding the phytochemistry and biological activities of L. citodora. Results: Traditional uses of this plant were specially related to coagulation system, digestive system and brain. Phytochemical investigations identified flavonoids, terpenes, iridois, lignins, phenylethanoid, as the main components of the plant. Antimicrobial, neuroprotective, antinociceptive, anti hyperpropulsive, sedative, anticolitis, anxiolytic, anticonvulsant, antihyperalgesic, and anticancer properties were among the pharmacological activities of L. citriodora. The plant extract and essential oil had also demonstrated high antioxidant activity. Conclusion: Modern pharmacological studies have now validated many traditional uses of L. citrodora. The data reviewed here revealed that this plant is a potential source for the treatment of a wide range of diseases specially inflammatory diseases and neurological dysfunctions. Future human studies are needed for further confirmation of the therapeutic activities of L. citriodora.}, keywords = {lemon verbena,Lippia citrodora,pharmacological effect,phytochemistry}, url = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_53310.html}, eprint = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_53310_25298876cfe393dfb259efa92941c392.pdf} } @article { author = {Ghani, A. and Karimi*, Z. and Mohtashami, S.}, title = {Secondary metabolite variation of Ducrosia anethifolia at different growth stage}, journal = {Research Journal of Pharmacognosy}, volume = {4}, number = {Supplement}, pages = {95-95}, year = {2017}, publisher = {- The Iranian Society of Pharmacognosy - Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2345-4458}, eissn = {2345-5977}, doi = {}, abstract = {Background and objectives: Variation of active substances in medicinal plants during growth has been studied and the optimum harvest time has been determined for many medicinal plants. Ducrosi anethifolia is one the species belonging to Apiaceae family that has been used to improve the odor of food and drink. It is used also to treat catarrh, headache and backache in folk medicine. The herb is also reported to relax the mind and body and induce a peaceful sleep. The growing stage has an important role in quantity and quality of active substances of medicinal plants. In order to determine the effects of growth stage on these compounds, five stages consisting of rosette, bolting, beginning of flowering, full flowering and seed formation stages were selected. Methods: The major factors measured included antioxidant activity (DPPH radical scavenging), total flavonoids, flavones and flavonols content, total phenolics compounds (Folin-Ciocalteu method), tannin content and carbohydrate content. Results: The results showed the significant effect of growth stage on most measured factors. The highest and lowest total flavonoids content were determined in beginning of flowering and bolting stages, respectively (120.02 and 27.39 mg quercetin/g). As a relation to most measured traits, the maximum amounts were identified at the beginning of flowering and seed formation stage and the lowest content were observed at bolting stage. Conclusion: It seems that at bolting stage increasing wooden parts and decreasing leaf ratio leads to active substance redacting.}, keywords = {Antioxidant activity,Ducrosia anethifolia,phenological stage,Total Phenol}, url = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_53311.html}, eprint = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_53311_2356febb6a96e7c40f68a9008ef91d79.pdf} } @article { author = {Yaghubi Beklar, S. and Hamzeh, M. and Naderi, M. and Ataee*, R.}, title = {Antidiabetic and antineuropathic effect of Onosma dichroanthum extract on acute stress in STZ diabetic mice}, journal = {Research Journal of Pharmacognosy}, volume = {4}, number = {Supplement}, pages = {96-96}, year = {2017}, publisher = {- The Iranian Society of Pharmacognosy - Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2345-4458}, eissn = {2345-5977}, doi = {}, abstract = {Background and objectives: Diabetes is a metabolic disease with hyperglycemia, decrease in insulin secretion or de-sensitization of peripheral cells to insulin.Onosmadichroanthum is a species of Boraginaceae and is used in traditional medicine for its anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and antibiotic properties, however data on its anti-diabetic effects are limited. This research has been designed to assess its anti-diabetic, anti-neuropathy and anti-oxidative stress effects in an invivo model of diabetes.  Methods: The hydroalcoholic extract was prepared from over-ground organs, (shoots and leaves) and underground organs (roots), and administered by gavage (50 mg/kg) for 3 weeks to mice in a streptozocin induced diabetic model. After the treatment period, blood glucose, weight and neuropathy were determined and for positive control, metformin (50 mg/kg) was used. After removing the brain and liver of mice and homogenization of tissues, the MDA and glutathione contents of the tissues have been assayed by a colorimetric method. Results: The results of this research demonstrated anti-diabetic properties of O. dichroanthum hydro alcoholic extract which demonstrated beneficial effects for some parameters such as hypoglycemia and reducing MDA. The underground organs as roots extracts showed stronger effects. However for increasing weight, diminishing neuropathy and increasing GSH contents, the effects of over-ground organs as leaves and shoots extracts were more significant. Conclusion: The results of this research indicated the anti-diabetic and anti-neuropathy properties of Onosma dichroanthum as a medicinal herb. Considering the anti-oxidant ability and limited side effects, the plant could be used along with other anti-diabetic drugs.  }, keywords = {Diabetes,GSH,MDA,Neuropathy,oxidative stress,Onosma dichroanthum}, url = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_53312.html}, eprint = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_53312_4693b31d6482429e9d941dea879e4c49.pdf} } @article { author = {Manayi, A. and Aliakbari, F. and Hadjiakhondi, A. and Omidpanah*, S.}, title = {Effects of Ferula assa-foetida extract on spermatogenesis of rats}, journal = {Research Journal of Pharmacognosy}, volume = {4}, number = {Supplement}, pages = {97-97}, year = {2017}, publisher = {- The Iranian Society of Pharmacognosy - Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2345-4458}, eissn = {2345-5977}, doi = {}, abstract = {Background and objectives: Ferula assa-foetida is an herbaceous perennial plant which belongs to Apiaceae family. It is native to the east and central parts of Iran. This old traditional medicine has been used as antispasmodic, carminative, expectorant, laxative, sedative, stimulant, emmenagogue and vermifuge. In addition to the several therapeutic effects of the plant, it is known as an aphrodisiac herb traditionally; therefore, the present study has evaluated the effect of hydro-alcoholic extract of F. assa-foetida on spermatogenesis of rats. Methods: The seeds of the plant (500 g) were identified and extracted by aqueous ethanol 80% using maceration methods (3×48 h).Adult male rats (6 weeks) were orally treated with 50 mg/kg body weight of extract for 6 weeks. The extract was dispersed in distilled water. Control group received distilled water for the same duration. Some fertility parameters including sperm count, morphology and mobility of sperms with serum levels of testosterone, estrogen, luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) were evaluated using immunoassay methods.  Results: Sperm parameters and levels of testosterone and LH were significantly improved in the treated group compared to the control group. Conclusion: The results revealed that extract of F. assa-foetida significantly (p<0.05) improved spermatogenesis in male rats through elevation of LH and testosterone plasma level.  }, keywords = {Extract,Ferula assa-foetida,LH,spermatogenesis,testosterone}, url = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_53314.html}, eprint = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_53314_2695162dc6dd525c75214a65a04aa696.pdf} } @article { author = {Akhtari, E. and Mokaberinejad*, R.}, title = {Tea as a functional food in preventive medicine from traditional Persian medicine point of view (a narrative review)}, journal = {Research Journal of Pharmacognosy}, volume = {4}, number = {Supplement}, pages = {98-98}, year = {2017}, publisher = {- The Iranian Society of Pharmacognosy - Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2345-4458}, eissn = {2345-5977}, doi = {}, abstract = {Background and objectives: In recent years, phytomedicine has a main role to support immune system and in preventive medicine to decrease cancer incidence. Traditional medicine has a basic role to introduce herbal drugs to investigate in preventive medicine. Camellia Sinensis has two popular preparations, green (unfermented) and black (fully fermented) tea that among societies is beside water to drink. Methods: In this narrative review study, tea preparation as herbal infusions from traditional Persian available and reliable references beside classic herbal drugs references were studied to show benefits and risks of tea consumption in health. Results: Tea consumption is famous as antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, anticarcinogenic, antihypertensive, neuroprotective. In traditional Persian medicine point of view its temperament is hot and dry so it can protect brain and stomach. It is sudatory and diuretic and can also increase mood. It is better to drink sweet or with milk to reduce its dryness. Conclusion: Tea preparations have a main role as a protective functional food in the human’s lives.}, keywords = {Black tea,Green tea,Persian medicine,preventive medicine,tea components}, url = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_53315.html}, eprint = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_53315_a2ae1a00c7b1cd30748767d7d5d42839.pdf} } @article { author = {Karimi, Sh. and Talebpour Amiri*, F. and Hosseinimehr, S.J.}, title = {Zataria multiflora ameliorates testicular and spermatological damages induced by cisplatin in mice model}, journal = {Research Journal of Pharmacognosy}, volume = {4}, number = {Supplement}, pages = {99-99}, year = {2017}, publisher = {- The Iranian Society of Pharmacognosy - Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2345-4458}, eissn = {2345-5977}, doi = {}, abstract = {Background and objectives: Cisplatin (CP), a highly effective antineoplastic drug, causes testicular damage. Zataria multiflora Boiss. (ZM), a medicinal plant, has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of ZM against cisplatin-induced testicular toxicity. Methods: Thirty-two adult male mice were randomly divided into four groups. The control group received normal saline with oral gavage during 7 days; ZM group received ZM (200 mg/kg) during 7 days by gavage; CP group received CP (10 mg/kg) i.p. in 5th day of study; ZM + CP group received ZM during 7 days and CP was injected in 5th day. Sperm parameters (including motility, sperm count, sperm viability rate and morphological sperm abnormalities), biochemical (malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH) and protein carbonyl (PC) levels), serum testosterone levels, histological and immunochemistry assays of testis were examined one day after the last receipt of the drug. Results: CP treatment caused significant damage via changed of sperm parameters, increased oxidative stress (increased MDA, PC levels and decreased GSH level), histological changes (degeneration, necrosis, arrest of spermatogenesis, congestion and decrease in thickness of the germinal epithelium, diameter of seminiferous tubules and Johnsen’s Score), decreased serum testosterone level and increased caspase-3 immunoreactivity. ZM preserved spermatogenesis and mitigated the toxic effects of CP on the testis tissue. In addition, pretreatment with ZM significantly reduced caspase-3 immunoreactivity. Conclusion: The findings of this study suggested ZM as a potential antioxidant compound which showed protective effect against cisplatin-induced testicular toxicity.}, keywords = {Cisplatin,oxidative stress,testicular toxicity,Zataria multiflora Boiss}, url = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_53317.html}, eprint = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_53317_1a4fb0913c60fcd3db5f3fd9b0261eec.pdf} } @article { author = {Zakerin, S. and Rezghi, M. and Hamzeloo-Moghadam*, M. and Hajimehdipoor, H.}, title = {Formulation and quality control of a poly herbal tranquilizer syrup}, journal = {Research Journal of Pharmacognosy}, volume = {4}, number = {Supplement}, pages = {100-100}, year = {2017}, publisher = {- The Iranian Society of Pharmacognosy - Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2345-4458}, eissn = {2345-5977}, doi = {}, abstract = {Background and objectives: Herbal drugs are rapidly becoming popular in recent years as alternative therapies. Numerous poly herbal formulations, which are combinations of different herbal materials/extracts are being used for prevention or treatment of various disorders. The present research has been undertaken to formulate and evaluate the quality of a tranquilizing syrup based on Iranian traditional medicine references. Methods: A decoction containing Echium amoenum L., Lavandula spp. L., Melissa officinalis L., Cuscuta chinensis Lam, Vitis venifera L.,Prunus domestica and Alhagi camelorum Fisch.was prepared and then filtered. The filtrate was concentrated and different sweeteners and flavoring agents including, brown sugar, honey, masking flavor, sucralose, lemon and orange essential oil were examined to cover the unpleasant taste of the product caused by Cuscuta chinensis. Finally,sucralose was found to be beneficent to cover the unpleasant taste. The final product was evaluated physicochemically and microbiologically according to standard protocols. Results: The results of the quality control assessments demonstrated that the color, odor, microbial and physicochemical characteristics of the syrup were acceptable. Conclusion: The formulated syrup can be examined in in vivo and clinical studies as a tranquilizer with respect to its tranquilizing herbal content.}, keywords = {Formulation,herbal drugs,Iranian traditional medicine,syrup,tranquilizer}, url = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_53318.html}, eprint = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_53318_8f488d17a64935c2e12b2122b7cc1eac.pdf} } @article { author = {Khosravi Dehaghi*, N. and Zeraati, M. and Kamali, J. and Ghorbani Nohooji, M. and Rahimzadeh, M.}, title = {Effects of Berberis vulgaris fractions on PTZ Induced seizure in male rats}, journal = {Research Journal of Pharmacognosy}, volume = {4}, number = {Supplement}, pages = {101-101}, year = {2017}, publisher = {- The Iranian Society of Pharmacognosy - Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2345-4458}, eissn = {2345-5977}, doi = {}, abstract = {Background and objectives: Berberis vulgaris L (Berberidaceae) is a medicinal plant that is distributed in different parts of Iran; it is grown as a wild or cultivated plant. It has different pharmacological activities such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-arrhythmic, sedative and anti-malaria effects. In this study, the anti-seizure activity of different fractions of this plant was evaluated. Methods: Seventy two rats were randomly divided in to nine groups (n=8 in each group). (1): negative control group (normal saline 10mL/kg), (2): positive control group (sodium valproate 1 mg/kg), (3, 4, 5): hydroalcoholic extract-treated groups (100, 200, 400 mg/kg), (6, 7): methanol fraction-treated groups (100 and 200 mg/kg) and (8, 9): chloroform fraction-treated group (100 and 200 mg/kg). Thirty minute after peritoneal injection of different doses of extract, fractions, saline and gavage of sodium valproate, PTZ (45 mg/kg) was injected and they were immediately transferred to a special cage, and the seizure parameters were evaluated for 30 min. Result: The injection of different doses of hydroalcoholic extract and different fractions had a dose-dependent effect on prolongation of latency to the onset of seizures. The effective dose was 400 mg/kg of hydroalcoholic extract and 200 mg/kg of methanol fraction. They decreased the rate of mortality and the number of suddenly seizures jumping significantly. Conclusion: The present study demonstrated that the hydroalcoholic extract and methanol fraction of B. vulgaris showed anticonvulsant activity in PTZ-induced seizures in mice. Therefore, this plant may be more useful in petit mal epilepsy.}, keywords = {Berberis Vulgaris,anti-seizures effects,Pentylenetetrazole}, url = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_53333.html}, eprint = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_53333_1f4f4d22f04d2c5e11c45007ef00c6c3.pdf} } @article { author = {Kheradmand*, E. and Hajizadeh, A. and Zare, M. and Khanjani Jelodar, S.}, title = {The protective effect of hesperetin and nano-hesperetin on object recognition memory in animal model of Alzheimer}, journal = {Research Journal of Pharmacognosy}, volume = {4}, number = {Supplement}, pages = {102-102}, year = {2017}, publisher = {- The Iranian Society of Pharmacognosy - Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2345-4458}, eissn = {2345-5977}, doi = {}, abstract = {Background and objectives: Hesperetin (Hst), aglycone form of hesperidin, is reported to have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective activities. On the other hand, the latest nanoparticle technology can help to improve the bioavailability of Hst, which is affected by the final particle size and stability. Alzheimer’s disease is a neurodegenerative disease, characterized by loss of the cognitive abilities, including memory, speech, emotions, and personality. Oxidative stress, a condition that occurs due to the imbalance in oxidant and antioxidant status, has been known to play a vital role in the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative diseases. This study was carried out in order to evaluate the protective effects of hesperetin and nano-hesperetin on memory disorder in the brains of Alzheimer’s animal models. Methods: Forty nine male rats were divided into 7 groups: control, vehicle, STZ group (rats were injected with STZ), treatment groups receiving 10 and 20 mg/kg/day of hesperetin and nano-hesperetin. Then 3 μgr/rat of (STZ) was injected to the cerebroventricular of rats of all groups except the control and vehicle groups. The 4 treatment groups were gavaged by, respectively 10, 20 mg/Kg of hesperetin and nano-hesperetin for 30 days. After three weeks, recognition memory was examined by novel object recognition test. Results: The results showed that injection of STZ increased memory disorders (p≤0.001) and treatment of hesperetin and nano-hesperetin effectively decreased memory disorders (p<0.01, p<0.001) and increased discrimination index compared with STZ group. Conclusion: Hesperetin and nano-hesperetin showed protective effects against memory impairments and protected cholinergic neurons in the hippocampus, possibly through reducing the oxidative stress.  }, keywords = {Alzheimer,hesperetin,nano-hesperetin,recognition memory}, url = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_53334.html}, eprint = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_53334_77dc9059724eec3ba26a9e7b84bd942c.pdf} } @article { author = {Hamzeh, M. and Yaghubi Beklar, S. and Talebpour Amiri*, F.}, title = {Protective effect of ginger on diazinon-induced brain toxicity}, journal = {Research Journal of Pharmacognosy}, volume = {4}, number = {Supplement}, pages = {103-103}, year = {2017}, publisher = {- The Iranian Society of Pharmacognosy - Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2345-4458}, eissn = {2345-5977}, doi = {}, abstract = {Background and objectives: Diazinon (DZN), an organophosphate insecticide, is widely used in agriculture. One of its deleterious effects is on neural systems. Diazinon with acetylcholinesterase activity and lipid peroxidation induces brain toxicity . Ginger, as a medicinal plant, has antioxidant and anti-imflammatory properties. The aim of present study was to evaluate the protective effects of ginger on DZN-induced brain toxicity. Methods: In this experimental study, 32 adult male Wistar rats were divided randomly into four groups: control group (received only normal saline), ginger group (100 mg/kg/day, gavage, for 30 days), DZN group (10 mg/kg/day, i.p., for 30 days), and ginger+DZN group (received ginger an hour before DZN). In order to investigate the lipid peroxidation and antioxidant status in rats, the level of malondialdehyde (MDA) and activities of glutathione have been studied in brain of rat. Results: The results revealed that treatment with DZN increased MDA level significantly (p< 0.05) and decreased GSH content significantly (p< 0.05) in the rat brain. Ginger reduced lipid peroxidation and increased GSH in the DZN treated rats compared with DZN alone group. Conclusion: The data indicated that DZN induced brain toxicity by increasing oxidative stress. Our results suggested that ginger with antioxidant activity showed a marked protective effect against DZN-induced brain injury that could ameliorate oxidative stress.  }, keywords = {brain toxicity,Diazinon,ginger,oxidative stress}, url = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_53335.html}, eprint = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_53335_d560a52640b87b1f0cbbaec38bd45243.pdf} } @article { author = {Jamshidi kia, F. and Saeidi, K. and Lorigooini*, Z.}, title = {Assessment of total flavonoid content and antioxidant activity of Mullein (Verbascum songaricum) ecotypes}, journal = {Research Journal of Pharmacognosy}, volume = {4}, number = {Supplement}, pages = {104-104}, year = {2017}, publisher = {- The Iranian Society of Pharmacognosy - Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2345-4458}, eissn = {2345-5977}, doi = {}, abstract = {Background and objectives: The Mullein genus is the largest genus of Scrophulariaceae family which has extensive natural habitat in southwest of Iran. Mullein contains compounds such as phenolic compounds, mucilage, saponins and anthocyanin. The aim of this study was to evaluate the total flavonoid content and antioxidant activity of mullein ecotypes in Iran. Methods: Six ecotypes of the Verbascum songaricum were evaluated. Determination of total flavonoid content was performed bythealuminium chloride colourimetric method. The antioxidant activity of the flower extracts was measured using the DPPH method. Results: The results showed that total flavonoid content and antioxidant activity were different among ecotypes.  The highest and lowest amounts of total flavonoidwas obtained  from Shermard ecotype (13.42 mg rutin /g DW) and Klar ecotypes(10.10 mg rutin /g DW), respectively. The highest amounts of antioxidant activity were obtained from the Shermard ecotype (IC50 246.35 μg/mL). The correlation analysis showed that a significant relation between flavonoid, antioxidant activity and habitat elevation. Conclusion: Total flavonoid content and antioxidant activity of the samples were affected by habitat climatic.  The present data indicated that the highest antioxidant activity may be due to higher flavonoid content and the habitat elevation was effective on the flavonoid content. Due to the high amounts of flavonoid and antioxidant activity of mullein extract, it seems to be a good herbal option as an antioxidant in complementary therapies.}, keywords = {Antioxidant activity,Flavonoid,Verbascum songaricum}, url = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_53337.html}, eprint = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_53337_f9898353024274abd1d7bc0cfeeebf1a.pdf} } @article { author = {Vahedi-Mazdabadi*, Y. and Saeedi, M. and Toushih, M. and Akbarzadeh, T.}, title = {Treatment of deep vein thrombosis from Iranian traditional medicine and modern medicine points of view: comparative study}, journal = {Research Journal of Pharmacognosy}, volume = {4}, number = {Supplement}, pages = {105-105}, year = {2017}, publisher = {- The Iranian Society of Pharmacognosy - Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2345-4458}, eissn = {2345-5977}, doi = {}, abstract = {Background and objectives: Recently, deep vein thrombosis (DVT) has remained a major cause of morbidity and death. DVT is a serious public health issue and can be complicated by pulmonary embolism and stroke leading to high economic burden. Disease etiologies may include protein C deficiency, protein S deficiency, factor V Leiden gene mutation, prothrombin gene 20210A mutation, antithrombin III deficiency, immobilization, malignancy, nephrotic syndrome, antiphospholipid antibody syndrome, estrogen use, pregnancy and hyperhomocystinemia. From Iranian traditional medicine (ITM) point of view, increased blood viscosity is the main cause of DVT. In this study, treatment of DVT has been investigated in ITM comparing with modern medicine. Methods: All data for this review were obtained by search engines such as Google Scholar, Pub Med, SID, and Iranmedex using key words including “deep vein thrombosis” and “treatment”. Results: At present, there is no definite cure for the treatment of DVT in modern medicine and usually anticoagulant drugs such as, low-molecular-weight heparin, unfractionated heparin and warfarin, inferior vena cava filters, catheter-directed thrombolytic therapy and hybrid operative thrombectomy, are recommended; however, herbal remedies have attracted lots of attention and in this regard, sumac (Rhus coriaria), garlic (Allium sativum), turmeric (Curcuma longa) and barberry) Berberis vulgaris (have been found effective for the treatment of DVT which have been frequently recommended in ITM. Conclusion: In this study, some useful dietary strategies have been presented for the management of DVT which can be helpful for further drug discovery developments.  }, keywords = {anticoagulants,deep vein thrombosis,treatment}, url = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_53338.html}, eprint = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_53338_fcfc7f3faabe67fbd8f0f5cb06eed0e9.pdf} } @article { author = {Farhadi, F. and Karimi, Gh. and Mashayekhi-Sardoo*, H. and Shoae-Hagh, P. and Mashayekhi-Sardoo, A.}, title = {A review on toxicological properties of thymoquinone a natural broad spectrum ingredient}, journal = {Research Journal of Pharmacognosy}, volume = {4}, number = {Supplement}, pages = {106-106}, year = {2017}, publisher = {- The Iranian Society of Pharmacognosy - Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2345-4458}, eissn = {2345-5977}, doi = {}, abstract = {Background and objectives: Nigella sativa is a delicate floral vegetable belonging to Ranunculaceae family. Thymoquinone (TQ) is the dominant active component in Nigella sativa seed oil which has a variety of pharmacological properties such as antioxidant, anticancer, anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities. However, TQ is a quinone derivative, which may lead to the generation of reactive oxygen species and resulting intermediate toxicity with various adverse effects in vivo, including acute cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, immunotoxicity, and carcinogenesis. In this review we have mentioned several studies on the toxicity properties of thymoquinone and Nigella sativa. Methods: A literature search was conducted using the Web of Science, PubMed, MEDLINE and Scopus. The search included the following keywords: "thymoquinone", "hydroquinone"," quinone" and "Nigella sativa". Citations within articles were also reviewed to identify the relevant sources. We studied about 170 articles and put aside the articles that were performed on the effect of Nigella sativa and thymoquinone on cancer cell lines. Results:  Since TQ is a quinone derivative, we observed the generation of reactive oxygen species and the toxicity of this substance in some studies. LD50 of Thymoquinone was very higher than Nigella sativa and also LD50 of this substance in oral route was higher than intrapritoneal route of administration. Conclusion: The findings have provided approximate safety information for TQ, which will further help researchers.}, keywords = {hydroquinone,Nigella sativa,quinone,thymoquinone}, url = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_53339.html}, eprint = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_53339_ad787afa3985c8543e2675e80528b9f7.pdf} } @article { author = {Khoshnazar*, A. and Adhami, H.R.}, title = {Isolation and characterization of compounds from Nardostachys jatamansi targeting acetylcholinesterase inhibitors based on TLC-bioautography}, journal = {Research Journal of Pharmacognosy}, volume = {4}, number = {Supplement}, pages = {107-107}, year = {2017}, publisher = {- The Iranian Society of Pharmacognosy - Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2345-4458}, eissn = {2345-5977}, doi = {}, abstract = {Background and objectives: The cholinergic deficit correlates with the severity of Alzheimer’s disease. The cholinergic function can be improved by AChE inhibitors blocking this key enzyme in the breakdown of acetylcholine. Based on traditional medicine, during two last decades the use of herbal medicinal substances in dementia therapy has been studied. Nardostachys jatamansi L. has been used in several systems of traditional medicine with various therapeutic properties, among those for the enhancement of cognitive performance in several herbal drug mixtures. A previous study showed AChE inhibition of the methanol extract of Nardostachys jatamansi.To find new natural compounds with AChE inhibitory effect in this study, the hypocotyl of Nardostachys jatamansi was investigated. Method: The methanol extract was investigated by a respective enzymatic TLC bioautography assay to identify the active zones. Then two compounds were isolated using several chromatographic methods. Result: The structures of the isolated components were characterized by different methods such as one and two-dimensional 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. These substances were identified as  jatamansic acid and docosanoic acid. TLC-bioautography of the isolated compounds are in precess. Conclusion: This study can confirm the traditional use of this plant for enhancement of cognitive disorders and the isolated compound may be considered as the active candidates.  }, keywords = {AChE inhibitor,Alzheimer,Nardostachys jatamansi,TLC bioautography}, url = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_53340.html}, eprint = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_53340_d3596807a52774bc8c08710d8a2f9ecf.pdf} } @article { author = {Kahrizi*, F. and Khodabandeloo, B. and Es-haghi, A. and Goodarzi, S. and Niknam, S. and Hadjiakhondi, A. and Tofighi, Z.}, title = {Solubility investigation of ketone and phenol essential oils in water using spectrometry and GC/MS}, journal = {Research Journal of Pharmacognosy}, volume = {4}, number = {Supplement}, pages = {108-108}, year = {2017}, publisher = {- The Iranian Society of Pharmacognosy - Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2345-4458}, eissn = {2345-5977}, doi = {}, abstract = {Background and objectives: Essential oils are used for their flavors and fragrances and their medicinal properties in food, cosmetic, agriculture and pharmaceutical industries. This study was focused on the selection of the best solvent(s) which would increase water solubility of ketone and phenol classes of essential oils. Methods: The solubility of six  plants essential oils was investigated in presence of propylene glycol (PG), polyethylene glycol 300 (PEG), glycerin and ethanol as the solvent and tween 80 or lecithin as the co-solvent by observation and spectrophotometric assay. Chemical composition of the essential oils and supersaturated 50% ethanol (SSE) and 50% PG or PEG (SSP) solutions were analyzed by GC/MS, too. Results: Ketone essential oils (Anethum graveolens, Mentha spicata and Salvia officinalis) showed the best solubility in ethanol and PG, respectively. Phenol essential oils (Zattaria multiflora, Syzygium aromaticum and Trachyspermum ammi) had the best solubility in ethanol and PEG, respectively.  In the ketone class, solubility of all samples in ethanol/water was greater than PG/water, but total ketones in SSP of samples with good solubility in PG were more than SSE. In the phenol class, all samples had better solubility in mixtures of ethanol/water than PEG, but the amounts of total phenols in SSP of some samples were higher than SSE. Therefore, selecting the best solvent for these classes need more experiments. Conclusion: Selecting the solvent for essential oils changes their chemical composition; therefore the best solvent was different for various purposes.  }, keywords = {Chemical composition,Dissolution,ketone volatile oil,phenol volatile oil,photometry}, url = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_53341.html}, eprint = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_53341_4e0eba5768fd4e6b08c0ec2b72cf45fd.pdf} } @article { author = {Gozari*, F. and Mortazaeinezhad, F. and Zeinali, H.}, title = {Evalouating the effects of saline irrigation water and genotypes on chamazulene percentage of chamomile (Matricaria recutita L.)}, journal = {Research Journal of Pharmacognosy}, volume = {4}, number = {Supplement}, pages = {109-109}, year = {2017}, publisher = {- The Iranian Society of Pharmacognosy - Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2345-4458}, eissn = {2345-5977}, doi = {}, abstract = {Background and objectives: Chamazulene is an important chamomile essential oil compound. Growth and development, performance, and the quality and quantity of the active ingredients of medicinal plants vary in different climatic conditions. This study aimed to evaluate the percentage of chamazulene of three genotypes under different levels of salinity.  Methods: This experiment was done in the field of agriculture and natural resources research center of the split plot in a randomized complete block design with three repeated and two factor salt and genotype was performed during the 2012-2013. The main factor consisted salinity levels control, 6, 9 and 12 ds/m and subfactor genotypes of Isfahan, Ahvaz and Shiraz. The essence was extracted by steam distillation method, then the percentage of chamazulene was measured using a spectrophotometer apparatus at a wavelength of 603 nm. Results: In the genotype of Isfahan which was native to the region, the highest amount of chamazulene was observed under the influence of all treatments, and the Ahvaz genotype, which did not have enough adaptation to the region, showed the least amount of this effective ingredient than the other two genotypes.Conclusion: The quality and quantity of chamomile essential oils are genetically controlled as other medicinal plants, but the climatic factors and the interaction between the plant and the environmental conditions also affect this trait. The amount of chamazulene in chamomile herb increased under salinity conditions which were in line with the results of this study.}, keywords = {chamazulene,Genotype,Matricaria recutita L,Salinity}, url = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_53343.html}, eprint = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_53343_0d4e60d89a4f724ec5b3e93e2482f4bb.pdf} } @article { author = {Zebarjad, Z. and Nazemosadat Arsanjani, Z. and Moein*, M.R.}, title = {Microbial quality of commercial rose water products in Fars, Iran}, journal = {Research Journal of Pharmacognosy}, volume = {4}, number = {Supplement}, pages = {110-110}, year = {2017}, publisher = {- The Iranian Society of Pharmacognosy - Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2345-4458}, eissn = {2345-5977}, doi = {}, abstract = {Background and objectives: Over the centuries, particular attention has been given to the beneficial properties of rose water in Iran. In recent years, the manufacturers’ successful promotion has led to the general perception that bottled rose waters are pure and safe for human consumption. However, despite defining specific quality assurance standards by the Iranian National Standards Organization (INSO), strict quality controls are not imposed on these products. In this study, rose water samples were assessed for their microbial contamination based on these standards. Methods: Twelve and eight rose water samples were purchased from traditional and industrial manufacturers of Meymand, Fars, respectively.  Applying the membrane filter technique, the aliquots of samples (100 mL) were analyzed for the presence of molds, yeast, coliforms, Colstridium spp., Enterococcus spp. and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. By employing the pour plate method, the total microbial counts (TMC) of samples were also enumerated. Results: The TMC exceeded the standard limit of 100 CFU/mL in 10 samples. Coliforms were observed in three traditional products and nearly all samples were contaminated with molds and yeast. All the samples were free of P.aeruginosa and one sample contained Enterococcus spp. Conclusion: Being natural, hydrosols appeal to consumers who tend to question the safety of beverages containing artificial mixtures. However, based on the recommended absence of the mentioned microorganisms and the standard limit of the TMC in the standard No. 3270 of the INSO, the examined products, could be considered unfit for human consumption.}, keywords = {membrane filter technique,pour plate method,rose water,total microorganism count}, url = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_53344.html}, eprint = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_53344_5b8f21155059c08d28867e86a5ad1559.pdf} } @article { author = {Gheibi, S. and Alipour*, S. and Ghiasvand, N. and Jafari, F. and Mirabdali, S.S. and Kiani, A. and Shokoohinia, Y.}, title = {Effects of dihydropyrano coumarins from Ferulago macrocarpa on VEGF, MMP9, MMP2 and study of binding modes using computational methods}, journal = {Research Journal of Pharmacognosy}, volume = {4}, number = {Supplement}, pages = {111-111}, year = {2017}, publisher = {- The Iranian Society of Pharmacognosy - Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2345-4458}, eissn = {2345-5977}, doi = {}, abstract = {Background and objectives: Ferulago macrocarpa of Apiaceae (Umbelliferae) is native to the highlands of the west of Iran which contains dihydrocoumarins from phenolic class. Studies have shown that phenolic compounds at physiological concentrations could inhibit two groups of gelatinase matrix metalloproteinases (MMP2, MMP9). Due to the high diversity of coumarins in the plant, the possibility of the compounds to inhibit plant enzymes seem to be mentioned. Methods: Acetone extract of the plant was prepared and then winterized. Afterwards, dihydropyranocoumarins were purified using normal phase column chromatography and preparative HPLC, and their structures were verified. After culturing the cells, at confluence step, supernatants were collected at 24 and 48 h soup and non-proliferation medium containing 2% albumin. The pure substances were applied on cell lines U87MG and WEHI for evaluation of VEGF, MMP-2 and 9 activities. In the computational processing, the structures were docked in the active site of metalloproteinases 9, and significant interactions were determined. Subsequently, ligand-protein complexes were subjected to molecular dynamics simulation in water, and thermodynamic properties were calculated. (MMP9 code= 1L6J, MMP2 code= 1CK7). Results: Regarding cytotoxicity results, IC50 of prantschimgin and grandivitin in WEHI cell line were 521.63, 232. 66, and in U87MG cell line were 575.58, 322.0 lpg/mL, respectively. Conclusion: Two coumarins, prantschimgin and grandivitin with the potential inhibitory effects on the activity of MMP 2,9 and anti-angiogenesis were purified from F. macrocarpa fruits. The application can be expected to have therapeutic efficacy in cancer cell lines U87MG and WEHI.}, keywords = {Ferulago macrocarpa,grandivitin,matrix metalloproteinase,Ovarian Cancer,prantschimgin}, url = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_53357.html}, eprint = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_53357_1664fdba2a40a17f9abb137159db13c5.pdf} } @article { author = {Soheili, S. and Alikhani*, I. and Ghiasvand, N. and Jafari, F. and Ahmadi, F. and Hosseinzdeh, L. and Shokoohinia, Y.}, title = {The effects of fatty acids of Nigella sativa seeds on apoptosis and oxidative stress induced by doxorubicin in PC12 cell line as a neuronal model}, journal = {Research Journal of Pharmacognosy}, volume = {4}, number = {Supplement}, pages = {112-112}, year = {2017}, publisher = {- The Iranian Society of Pharmacognosy - Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2345-4458}, eissn = {2345-5977}, doi = {}, abstract = {Background and objectives: Nigella sativa seeds possess anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, tranquillizer, chemoprotective and antineoplastic effects. They seeds are important nutritional flavoring agents and natural remedies for many aliments. We have investigated the protective effects of N. sativa seed fatty acids against doxorubicin. Methods: Compounds from the seeds of N. sativa were purified and structures illuminated by NMR. PC12 cells were cultured in DMEM medium containing 10% v/v fetal bovin serum and 100 unit/mL penicillin. Cell viability was determined by MTT assay. Intracellular ROS levels were examined using DCF-DA. The oxidation of this molecule to flourchrome DCF results in green florescence. The intensity is considered to reflect the level to which ROS are present. PC12 cells were pretreated for different time interval with N. sativa hexane extract and its fraction then with doxorubicin. Result: We found that pretreatment with some of N. sativa fractions increased cell viability compared to cells treated with DOX alone. As anticipated, adding DOX (5 Um) to PC12 cells caused a significant increase in ROS level. The pretreatment with N. sativa hexane fraction decreased significantly. Intracellular caspase 3 level exhibited a significant decrease in caspase 3 activity and compared to cells treated with IC50 concentration of DOX alone. Compared to the group treated with DOX alone, fluorescent intensities increased after the use of some fractions. The effective components were oleic acid, caprylic acid, palmitic acid. Conclusion: The results showed that poly unsaturated fatty acids from the n-hexane fractions were able to protect PC12 cells from apoptosis induced by DOX.}, keywords = {caprylic acid,Oleic acid,oxidative stress,Palmitic Acid}, url = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_53358.html}, eprint = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_53358_d3b18b8ea0e180731fa1f6e8dc61d9dd.pdf} } @article { author = {Ranjbar*, A.M. and Vahidi, A. and Rezvani, M.E. and Ramezani, V. and Boroumand, M.}, title = {Evaluation of anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of hydroalcoholic extract derived from root of Apium graveolens L. in mice}, journal = {Research Journal of Pharmacognosy}, volume = {4}, number = {Supplement}, pages = {113-113}, year = {2017}, publisher = {- The Iranian Society of Pharmacognosy - Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2345-4458}, eissn = {2345-5977}, doi = {}, abstract = {Background and objectives: Apium graveolens L. (celery) has been considered as sedative, analgesic, carminative, antispasmodic and diuretic plant in traditional Iranian medicine. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory effect of celery root in mice. Methods: Analgesic effect of celery root was determined by two animal models of hot plate and acetic acid writhing test. Anti-inflammatory potential of the extract was also determined by formalin induced ear edema and xylene induced paw edema tests.  Results: The result showed no significant difference between the positive control group and the test group in hot plate test and the most effective dose of celery root was 200 mg/kg, while the frequency of writhings was significantly different in whole test groups in comparison with control group (p<0.05), the extract (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg) significantly suppressed inflammation in formalin induced edema 60 and 120 min after injection. Celery root extract (200 and 400 mg/kg) also demonstrated considerable antiedematogenic effect in xylene test.Conclusion: Celery root showed analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects, which must be related to the flavonoids and resins present in the constituents of celery.}, keywords = {anti-inflammation,anti-nociceptive,celery}, url = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_53360.html}, eprint = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_53360_d59e613f40a7441cae935c845096b3b9.pdf} } @article { author = {Miri-moghaddam*, M. and Sharififar, F. and Asgharian Rezee, M.}, title = {Evaluation of cytotoxicity of methanolic extract from Zataria multiflora Boiss. and its fractions on the colorectal adenocarcinoma cell lines (Caco-2)}, journal = {Research Journal of Pharmacognosy}, volume = {4}, number = {Supplement}, pages = {114-114}, year = {2017}, publisher = {- The Iranian Society of Pharmacognosy - Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2345-4458}, eissn = {2345-5977}, doi = {}, abstract = {Background and objectives: ZatariamultifloraBioss. (ZM) has shown several effects in gastrointestinal, respiratory and nervous system. In this study, the effect of Z. multiflora was examined in colon cancer cell lines of Caco-2. Methods: Total extract and petroleum ether, chloroform and methanol fractions of the plant were prepared using warm maceration method based on the complete phenolic compounds. Different concentrations were prepared and examined on caco2 cell lines using (MTT) assay. Results: The extract and fractions of the plant showed the lowest viability at the concentration of 250 μg/mL. In the total plant extract, the lowest viability was 44.6±8.9% in the cell line. In fractions of petroleum ether, chloroform and methanol, the lowest viabilities were (43.12±2.61% and 43.64±2.32% and 43.17±1.82%), respectively. All fractions showed toxicity to the cell line in a concentration dependent manner. The least IC50 was related to the petroleum ether and methanol fractions with IC50 value of (48.60±12.50 and 51.06±12.15 μg/mL) on Caco-2 cell line, respectively. Conclusion: Considering the results, toxicity of the plant was shown on Caco-2 cell line which was due to petroleum ether and methanol fractions and indicated that toxic components of the plant were from both polar and nonpolar ones.}, keywords = {Caco-2,Cytotoxicity,Zataria multiflora Bioss}, url = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_53361.html}, eprint = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_53361_a0415875493954a5d143b66fe67fa821.pdf} } @article { author = {Naderian, M. and Zafarian, M. and Nazemosadat Arsanjani, Z. and Asgari, Q. and Moein*, M.R.}, title = {Anti-toxoplasmosis activity evaluation of Artemisia vulgaris L. extract and its subfractions in vitro and in vivo}, journal = {Research Journal of Pharmacognosy}, volume = {4}, number = {Supplement}, pages = {115-115}, year = {2017}, publisher = {- The Iranian Society of Pharmacognosy - Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2345-4458}, eissn = {2345-5977}, doi = {}, abstract = {Background and objectives: Toxoplasma gondii affects almost one-third of people worldwide, causing disorders such as abortion or congenital disease in its intermediate hosts. This is while the current available medications are limited in terms of efficacy and side effects. Previous researches have shown Artemisia annua to be highly effective on this parasite. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antitoxoplasma effects of A. vulgaris. Methods: Anti toxoplasmosis activity was evaluated in vitro using different concentrations of A. vulgaris total extract and the petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate and n-butanol fractions. After 2 h of incubation, flow cytometry method was applied to determine the anti-parasitic activity. Phytochemical profiles of these extracts were developed by HPTLC. For the in vivo experiment, toxoplasmosis was induced by intradermal injection of the parasite tachyzoites into the rats. Average survival time of the rats treated with 16-128 mg/kg of the total extract was compared with the control groups. Results: In vitro evaluation of A. vulgaris extracts revealed that the petroleum ether fraction was the most active by IC50 of 8.31 µg/mL and the n-butanol fraction didn’t exhibit any significant activity. In in vivo tests, all concentrations of the total extract led to an increase in the average survival time. HPTLC analysis of the crude extract and its fractions revealed the presence of terpenoids in the non-polar phase. Conclusion: According to the data and statistical analysis, A. vulgaris and particularly its petroleum ether fraction exhibit significant anti-toxoplasmosis activity, suggesting that the non-polar terpenoids could be responsible for this effect.  }, keywords = {Artemisia vulgaris,HPTLC,Toxoplasma gondii}, url = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_53363.html}, eprint = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_53363_838230485a9a012eb180e99e918b5001.pdf} } @article { author = {Alizadeh, S. and Hallaj-Nezhadi, S. and Fathiazad, F. and Hamedeyazdan*, S.}, title = {Chemical composition and antimicrobial evaluation of Achillea aucheri essential oil}, journal = {Research Journal of Pharmacognosy}, volume = {4}, number = {Supplement}, pages = {116-116}, year = {2017}, publisher = {- The Iranian Society of Pharmacognosy - Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2345-4458}, eissn = {2345-5977}, doi = {}, abstract = {Background and objectives: The majority of the Achillea spp. are used as medicinal plants with therapeutic applications worldwide. Achillea aucheri was selected in our study to assess its essential oil chemical composition along with antimicrobial evaluation. Methods: The essential oil of A. aucheri achieved through hydrodistillation, was analyzed via gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Afterwards, the microbial growth inhibitory property of the A. aucheri essential oil was determined using the agar disk-diffusion method against five Gram-positive strains (Staphylococus aureus, Staphylococus epidermidis, Micrococcus luteus, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus), three Gram-negative bacteria (Eschrichia coli, Psedumonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhi) and a fungus (Candida albicans). Besides, minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of the sensitive strains were determined by broth dilution method to evaluate the inhibitory properties.Results: The GC-MS analysis, allowed us to identify 28 compounds, representing 98.1% of the total essential oil. The main components of the oil were identified as α-thujone (45.6%), artemisia alcohol (26.5%) and yomogi alcohol (8.8%). The findings of the antimicrobial assay indicated that S. aureus was the most sensitive strain with the strongest inhibition zone of 31.5 ± 0.5 and MIC of 2.5 % v/v, followed by S. epidermidis and M. luteus, respectively.Conclusion: Overall, A. aucheri essential oil possessed potential antibacterial and antioxidant activities that could be attributed to the high content of oxygenated monoterpenes present in the oil which requisite for further exploration of the compounds in charge, considering the growing statistics of bacterial resistance worldwide.  }, keywords = {asteraceae,monoterpenoids,α-thujone}, url = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_53364.html}, eprint = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_53364_84759ae0c1610b3c0ea317a205f34ce6.pdf} } @article { author = {Jelodarian, Z. and Mansourian, M. and Shokoohinia*, Y.}, title = {Phytochemical investigation of acetone extraction of Echinophora cinerea aerial parts}, journal = {Research Journal of Pharmacognosy}, volume = {4}, number = {Supplement}, pages = {117-117}, year = {2017}, publisher = {- The Iranian Society of Pharmacognosy - Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2345-4458}, eissn = {2345-5977}, doi = {}, abstract = {Background and objectives: Echinophora cinerea belongs to Apiaceae family and its aerial parts are used as vegetables and for seasoning yoghurt and cheese, and for treatment of digestive disorders in Chahar Mahal and Bakhtiari province, Iran. Despite its traditional use about dietary and pharmacological studies (approximately 13 in vivo, in vitro and clinical researches) on Echinophora cinerea, no attempt has been made to isolate secondary metabolites of the non-polar (acetone) extract. Phytochemical investigations seem to be necessary to use this plant in a better manner. Methods: Powdered aerial parts of the plant were extracted with acetone by maceration method. The concentrated extract was fractionated using reverse phase column chromatography on RP-18 sorbent using mixture of methanol and water as solvent system with decreasing polarity. The resulting fractions were analyzed by NMR and promising fractions were re-fractionated and purified using normal phase column chromatography and reversed and normal phase preparative HPLC analyses and structures of pure compounds were determined by one-dimentional NMR spectroscopy techniques, two-dimentional (including COSY, HSQC, HMBC and NOESY spectra) and mass analysis. Results: After extraction, column chromatography and HPLC purification of acetone extract, three novel skeleton polyacetylene compounds (echinophorin A-C) (compounds 1-3), one verbenone glycoside (verbenone-5-O-β-D-glucopyranoside) (4), one phenylated coumarin (osthole) (5) were identified. Conclusion: Regarding novel skeleton bearing constituents in Echinophora cinerea , this plant could be a good source of potential medicinal natural products. Considering the fact that polyacetylenes and monoterpene glycosides are natural antidiabetic and protective compounds, this plant could be utilized as an antioxidant and antidiabetic agent.  }, keywords = {acetone extract,Echinophora cinerea,osthole,polyacetylene,verbenone-5-O-β-D-glucopyranoside}, url = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_53365.html}, eprint = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_53365_eee61ad0f50785d1b099b50f189a868a.pdf} } @article { author = {Shahpiri*, Z. and Farzaei, M.H. and Najafi, F.}, title = {Management of recurrent aphthous stomatitis with medicinal herbs and their related phytochemicals in clinic: review}, journal = {Research Journal of Pharmacognosy}, volume = {4}, number = {Supplement}, pages = {118-118}, year = {2017}, publisher = {- The Iranian Society of Pharmacognosy - Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2345-4458}, eissn = {2345-5977}, doi = {}, abstract = {Background and objectives: Recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS) is one of the most common painful mucosal diseases seen in the oral cavity of patients. Pathogenesis and etiology of this disorder is still unclear. RAS is categorized into minor, major, and herpetiform ulcers. Ulcers classified as minor, consist more than 85% cases of RAS. The goal of this study was to review the efficacy of medicinal plants and their bioactive phytochemicals used in clinical trials in the management of the recurrent aphthous lesions.Methods: Different electronic resources including Science Direct, Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library were used as the searching engines. The key words were ‘plant’, ‘phytochemical’, or ‘herb’ and ‘aphthosis’, ‘aphthous’, ‘aphthae’, ‘aphthous ulcer’, ‘recurrent aphthous stomatitis’, or ‘aphthous stomatitis’. Finally, all the relevant clinical trials were regained.  Results: The results showed that plants such as Satureja khuzistanica, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Alchemilla vulgaris, Matricaria chamomilla, Punica granatum var. pleniflora, Myrtus communis, Melissa officinalis, Rosa damascena, Aloe vera, Nicotiana tabacum, and bioactive ingredients like acemannan and berberine possessed potential beneficial effects in oral diseases and could be effective in decreasing ulcer size, pain intensity, duration of  complete lesion healing, average time of pain elimination, aphthae number, diameter of inflammatory halo and necrotic zone of the ulcer and provided satisfaction in patients who suffered from RAS.Conclusion: The findings of this study revealed that herbal medicines could be considered as future pharmaceutical drugs or adjuvant treatments to improve their efficacy and alleviate the side effects in the management of RAS.}, keywords = {Herb,Phytochemical,recurrent aphthous stomatitis}, url = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_53367.html}, eprint = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_53367_4535c4b504d664cfc3660f07ac80b517.pdf} } @article { author = {Sardari, K. and Delazar, A. and Mousavi, R. and Heshmati afshar*, F.}, title = {Investigation of phytochemicals and antioxidant activity of Nepeta ucrainica growing in Iran}, journal = {Research Journal of Pharmacognosy}, volume = {4}, number = {Supplement}, pages = {119-119}, year = {2017}, publisher = {- The Iranian Society of Pharmacognosy - Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2345-4458}, eissn = {2345-5977}, doi = {}, abstract = {Background and objectives: The genus Nepeta is growing in Asia, Europe and the North Africa. The plants of this genus have been used in folk medicine for the antiseptic and astringent properties as topical remedies in cutaneous eruptions and snakes bites. Moreover, they are utilized as anti-tussive, anti-spasmodic, antiasthmatic, febrifuge and diuretic agents. Phytochemical studies of Nepeta genus have revealed the presence of monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, diterpenes, triterpenes, flavonoids and phenols. In the current study, Nepeta ucranica has been investigated. Methods: The aerial parts of the plant were extracted using n-hexan, dichloromethane and methanol by maceration method. Dried methanol extract was subjected to C18Sep-Pak fractionation using a step gradient of MeOH-H2O. Further, purification of the fractions by preparative reversed phase HPLC yielded three compounds. Structure elucidation for these compounds was accomplished by using NMR spectroscopy. The essential oil was obtained by hydro-distillation in a Clevenger extractor. The composition of the essential oil was determined by GC-MS. Antioxidant activity of extracts and the essential oil was assessed using DPPH. Results: Phytochemical study of the methanol extract of this plant yielded one iridoid, one flavonoid and one phenylethanoid. The study on the composition of the essential oil yielded 30 compounds which were mainly composed of sesquiterpens. The methanol extract showed the most potent antioxidant activity in DPPH assay. Conclusion: Flavonoid and phenylethanoid derivatives seem to be important antioxidant compounds in Nepeta species and might be useful in inflammatory conditions, cancer prevention and oxidative stresses.}, keywords = {Antioxidant,Flavonoid,iridoid,Nepeta ucranica}, url = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_53369.html}, eprint = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_53369_c41356561fc2c3c96ff7607e5d59fb55.pdf} } @article { author = {Monaghash, H. and Ghiasvand, N. and Jafari, F. and Jalilian, F. and Hosseizadeh, L. and Shokoohinia*, Y.}, title = {Evaluation of linoleic acid, eladic acid and palmitic acid for cytotoxicity and anti-inflammatory activities}, journal = {Research Journal of Pharmacognosy}, volume = {4}, number = {Supplement}, pages = {120-120}, year = {2017}, publisher = {- The Iranian Society of Pharmacognosy - Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2345-4458}, eissn = {2345-5977}, doi = {}, abstract = {Background and objectives: Nigella sativa seeds have shown to possess anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, trenquillizer, chemopreventive and anti-neoplastic effects. Besides, they areused as nutritional flavoring agents. We have investigated the protective effects of N.  sativa seeds hexane extract and active principles against methyl phenyl pyridine (MPP). Methods: Fatty acids like linoleic acid, elaidic acid and palmitic acid were isolated from hexane extract. Seeds ofNigella sativa were extracted with hexane and purified using column chromatography and the structures were elucidated by NMR. PC12 cells were cultured in DMEM medium containing 10٪ (v/v) fetal Bovin serum and 100 unite/mL penicillin. Cell viability was determined by MTT assay. Caspase 3 and 9 levels were examined using caspases activation kit. Mitochondrial membrane potential levels were examined using Rhodamine 123 and CX activation assay was performed using spechtrophotometr. Results: Treatment of cells with MPP reduced viability in a dose depended manner. PC12 cells were pretreated for different time intervals with Nigella sativa extract then the cells were treated with MPP. We found that pretreatment with fraction 2B obtained from Nigella sativa hexane extract, increased cell viability compared to the cells treated with MPP alone. The pretreatment with subfrations 7A, 8D and 8E increased viability and also decreased significantly the activity of caspase-3 and 9 and COX activation compared to cells treated with IC50 concentration of MPP alone. Conclusion: The obtained results showed that polyunsaturated fatty acids from the n-hexane extract was able to protect PC12 cells from apoptosis and inflammation induced by MPP.}, keywords = {cytoprotective effects,fatty acids,Nigella sativa,PC12 cells}, url = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_53371.html}, eprint = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_53371_ad7c9f59f9e237838a3c7c7a4a29e9ea.pdf} } @article { author = {Bajelani, P. and Hamedeyazdan, S. and Asnaashari, S. and Nazemiyeh*, H.}, title = {Chemical composition of two samples of Humulus lupulus flowers (vernalized and wild hops)}, journal = {Research Journal of Pharmacognosy}, volume = {4}, number = {Supplement}, pages = {121-121}, year = {2017}, publisher = {- The Iranian Society of Pharmacognosy - Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2345-4458}, eissn = {2345-5977}, doi = {}, abstract = {Background and objectives: Humulus lupulus, a plant belonging to the family Cannabaceae, is used as a medicinal plant with therapeutic applications in different nations. In this study, two samples of H. lupulus (vernalized and wild hops) were selected for further analysis about differences of their essential oils. Methods: The essential oils from the flowers of two H. lupulus (vernalized and wild hops) were achieved through hydrodistillation and analyzed via gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Retention indices for all compounds were determined according to the kovats retention indices using n-alkanes series as standards. The components of the essential oils were identified by comparison of the retention indices and mass spectral data with those for the standards. Results: Analysis of the vernalized hops essential oil resulted in the identification of 64 components, representing 87.04 % of the total essential oil that principally contained β-caryophyllene (25.3%), β-bisabolole (16.7%) and β-elemene (5.3%). In the case ofwild hops, 49 components were identified, representing 80.9% of theessential oil, among them β-bisabolole (35.2%), β-myrcene (13.3%) and β-sesquiphellandrene (11.3%) were the main compounds. Overall, both vernalized and wild hops possessed sesquiterpene hydrocarbons inhigher contents, followed bynon-terpenoid compounds, oxygenated sesquiterpenes and finally monoterpenoids in less amounts. Conclusion: Concerning the results of this study we found some similarities and differences among vernalized and wild hops and also in comparison with other species of the genus Humulus. Generally, mentioned similarities and differences might be attributed to both intrinsic and extrinsic factors affecting both the quality and quantity of the obtained essential oils.  }, keywords = {β- bisabolole,cannabaceae,β-caryophyllene}, url = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_53372.html}, eprint = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_53372_464ef829151d30b5096f1bee802909f3.pdf} } @article { author = {Ayati*, Z. and Emami, S.A.}, title = {Therapeutic effects of rosehip fruit types in traditional and modern medicine}, journal = {Research Journal of Pharmacognosy}, volume = {4}, number = {Supplement}, pages = {122-122}, year = {2017}, publisher = {- The Iranian Society of Pharmacognosy - Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2345-4458}, eissn = {2345-5977}, doi = {}, abstract = {Background and objectives: The genus Rosa is one of the most widespread members of Rosaceae family with more than 100 species. Rosa fruit (rosehip) has a long history of traditional uses in Islamic traditional medicine. It has been used for the treatment of several illnesses including ear, nose and throat problems, nausea and vomiting, headache and brain spasms. Beside the traditional uses, it has exhibited various pharmacological properties. To extend our view towards future indication of this fruit for medicinal and clinical purposes, this study was an attempt to review traditional applications, clinical properties, and pharmacological potentials of rosehip in various ethnomedical systems. Methods: Major ITM books were explored to find the main clinical uses of rosehip. Also to find pharmacological activities of rosehip, we searched some electronic databases such as PubMed and Scopus. Results: Several in vitro and in vivo pharmacological studies and clinical trials have confirmed the traditional uses of rosehip including neuroprotective activities. These studies have also suggested new properties such as anti-cancer, anti-rheumatoid arthritis, anti-diabetic, antihyperlipidemic activities and gastroprotective effects. Conclusion: Systems of traditional medicine plays an important role in discovering new drugs.}, keywords = {Drug discovery,Islamic traditional medicine,rosehip}, url = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_53373.html}, eprint = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_53373_1958ed26dda7251bd7b50da3d0fb37e5.pdf} } @article { author = {Soleymani*, S. and Bahramsoltani, R. and Rahimi, R. and Abdollahi, M.}, title = {Pharmacokinetic interactions of Hypericum perforatum L. (St John's wort) with conventional drugs: a review of clinical studies}, journal = {Research Journal of Pharmacognosy}, volume = {4}, number = {Supplement}, pages = {123-123}, year = {2017}, publisher = {- The Iranian Society of Pharmacognosy - Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2345-4458}, eissn = {2345-5977}, doi = {}, abstract = {Background and objectives: Hypericum perforatum L., commonly known as St. John’s wort (SJW) from the family Hypericaceae is a famous medicinal plant used to treat mild to moderate depression; so, it might affect the pharmacokinetics of numerous drugs. Due to widespread herb-drug interactions of SJW, this study was designed to review the clinical evidences regarding the interaction of SJW with the metabolism of conventional drugs. Methods: PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science were searched with the keywords "Hypericum perforatum" or "St John's wort" and "interaction", "co-administration" in the title/abstract of the articles, from inception until April 2017. Results: The clinically important interaction of SJW with immunosuppressants, cardiovascular drugs, anticoagulants, statins, chemotherapeutics, oral contraceptives and benzodiazepines has been proven. SJW decreased ciclosporine plasma concentration and caused acute rejection in solid organ transpantation. Concomitant use of SJW with warfarin decreased the platelet aggregation. Unintended pregnancies were induced by concomitant use of SJW and oral contraceptives. SJW caused treatment failure and drug resistance when combined with indinavir, boceprevir. Hyperforin, one of the main components of SJW, plays a crucial role in the induction of cytochrome P450 enzymes and P-glycoprotein transporter. Low-hyperforin SJW extracts do not interact with drugs such as digoxin, oral contraceptives, and cyclosporine and thus, maybe more suitable for administration in patients who receive multiple medications. Conclusion: Interactions between SJW and prescribed medicines can lead to serious clinical consequences. SJW should be properly labeled to alert consumers regarding the possible drug interactions.}, keywords = {Herbal medicine,Hypericum perforatum,St John's wort}, url = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_53374.html}, eprint = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_53374_a8abe369e450eaa0a443ab1b8d55c2e9.pdf} } @article { author = {Khabazi*, Sh. and Sayadi, S. and Sistani karampour, N.}, title = {Study of analgesic activity of Teucrium polium extract}, journal = {Research Journal of Pharmacognosy}, volume = {4}, number = {Supplement}, pages = {124-124}, year = {2017}, publisher = {- The Iranian Society of Pharmacognosy - Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2345-4458}, eissn = {2345-5977}, doi = {}, abstract = {Background and objectives: Pain is a primarily protective in nature, but often causes discomfort. Currently available analgesic drugs are not useful in all cases due to their side effects. Medicinal plants are believed to be an important source of new chemical substances with potential therapeutic effects, such as, Teucrium polium (TP) used traditionally to relieve headache, rheumatic arteritis and pain during pregnancy. The aim of this study is to clarify mechanism of antinociceptive effect of TP.Methods: This review article was carried out by searching studies in Pubmed, Google Scholar, SID and Science Direct by using the search keywords. In this review, 45 articles were found and 25 of them were applied. Results: Numerous studies indicate that T. polium contains strong analgesic properties through the effect of opoidergic, H1 and H2 receptors and alpha-2-adrenergic effect.  Alpha-2-adrenergic induces analgesia through the direct effect on the spinal cord with both post-synaptic hyper polarization and restrain presynaptic transmission secretion therefore, primary afferent nerve fibers are blocked. Conclusion: The results indicated that the plant induces analgesic effects through the alpha-2-adrenergic mechanism. According to the findings, there are some evidences suggesting that the central and the peripheral effects of the plant extract may occur through the opioid and histaminergic system. Generally, present study proposes that T. polium possesses a strong antinociceptive property.}, keywords = {alpha 2 adrenergic,analgesia,antinociceptive,Teucruim polium}, url = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_53375.html}, eprint = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_53375_a00e53cf856a994f03da34cbe78395eb.pdf} } @article { author = {Hadian*, Gh. and Tavakolizadeh, M. and Khoshayand, M.R. and Mojab, F.}, title = {Optimization of processing parameters for extraction of essential oil from Foeniculum vulgare}, journal = {Research Journal of Pharmacognosy}, volume = {4}, number = {Supplement}, pages = {125-125}, year = {2017}, publisher = {- The Iranian Society of Pharmacognosy - Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2345-4458}, eissn = {2345-5977}, doi = {}, abstract = {Background and objectives: It is necessary to specify the best conditions of essential oils production to get more major compound(s) and higher yield oil. The fennel oil is useful in pharmaceutical industry as flavor. The main component of fennel oil is anethole (55-75%). The objective of this work was to identify the effect of  particle size, pH of water, method of distillation and using ultrasound on extraction of fennel essential oil (and its major constituent, anethole). Methods: We used a statistical method called D-optimal Design that appointed pH, particle size and method for each assay. Fennel seeds were purchased, then milled and passed from different meshes. In the first series, the seeds powder was distilled directly. In the second series the seeds were placed in an ultrasonic apparatus for 30 min. The essential oils were subsequently isolated by two methods, hydro distillation and steam distillation, in different sizes (25, 30, 40, 50) and pH (5.5, 5.8, 7, 7.4, 8.5). Fifty g of dry seeds were used in each distillation (for 3 h). Analytical gas chromatography (GC) was used to determine the essential oil composition. Results: In the steam distillation, the volume of essential oils and the concentration of anethole, whatever the plant became smaller, was less. However, in the water distillation, it was more and by comparing the two steps, without and with ultrasound, it increased 20% after the ultrasound. Conclusion: optimum conditions according to the statistical results were steam distillation, mesh size 50 and using ultrasounic device.}, keywords = {anethole,distillation,Essential oil,Fennel}, url = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_53376.html}, eprint = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_53376_7b72a4ba5e448a089cd78304397cdac5.pdf} } @article { author = {Gheytasi, F. and Gholami*, M.}, title = {Extraction and measurement of homotaurine in algae}, journal = {Research Journal of Pharmacognosy}, volume = {4}, number = {Supplement}, pages = {126-126}, year = {2017}, publisher = {- The Iranian Society of Pharmacognosy - Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2345-4458}, eissn = {2345-5977}, doi = {}, abstract = {Background and objectives: According to recent studies, homotaurine may be an Alzheimer's active ingredient. The goal of this project was to extract and detect homotaurine in algae collected from Persian Gulf shores. Methods: Extraction was done with etanol 80% for 30 min in ambient temperature. The HPLC elution solvent required a mixture of two solvents. Solvent A was ammonium acetate buffer and solvent B was methanol. The solvents were filtered and degassed before use. Isocratic elution was carried out at a flow rate of 1 mL/min. The chromatographic analysis was conducted at ambient temperature. Results: The results of the measurements showed that some algae samples lacked measurable amounts of homotaurine. In this analysis ammonium acetate buffer (pH 6.5) and mixture of methanol and acetonitrile (50:50 v/v) were applied as the mobile phase in the gradient mode. The OPA derivative was detected at 336 nm of excitation and emission wavelengths. The peaks of homotaurine were appeared at retention time of 12 min, respectively. Conclusion: The present method can be well applied for measurement of homotaurin in algae for anti-alzheimer tests in the future.}, keywords = {derivatization,homotaurine,HPLC method,revers-phase chromatography}, url = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_53378.html}, eprint = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_53378_d94c0f28c444ca6d65cb45f0c0e722bb.pdf} } @article { author = {Karimi, Sh. and Talebpour Amiri*, F. and Hosseinimehr, S.J.}, title = {Protective role of Zataria multiflora on cisplatin-induced acute kidney injury}, journal = {Research Journal of Pharmacognosy}, volume = {4}, number = {Supplement}, pages = {127-127}, year = {2017}, publisher = {- The Iranian Society of Pharmacognosy - Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2345-4458}, eissn = {2345-5977}, doi = {}, abstract = {Background and objectives: Cisplatin (CP), as an anticancer drug, causes nephrotoxicity. Zataria multiflora Boiss. (ZM), a plant which has been used as a herbal medicine for a variety of ailments. Our study aimed to examine the effects of ZM on cisplatin induced nephrotoxicity. Methods: Thirty-two male mice were randomly divided into four groups. The control group; ZM group: received ZM (200 mg/kg) during 7 days by gavage; CP group: received CP (10 mg/kg) intraperitoneally in 5th day of study; ZM + CP group. Serum creatinine and urea levels, malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH) and protein carbonyl (PC) levels in kidney tissue of mice, histopathological and immunohistochemical assays were examined. Results: CP caused significant increase in serum creatinine and urea levels, increased oxidative stress (increased MDA, PC and decreased of GSH) in kidney tissues, histological changes (epithelial cells degeneration, tubular dilation, necrosis, vacuolization, inflammatory cell infiltration, congestion, and protein cast formation in the renal tubules in kidneys), and increased caspase-3 immunoreactivity. ZM improved the damage of CP on the kidney tissue. Conclusion: our study revealed that ZM with antioxidant properties showed a pronounced effect in suppression of cisplatin-induced oxidative stress in the kidneys.      }, keywords = {caspase-3,Cisplatin,hepatotoxicity,oxidative stress,Zataria multiflora Boiss}, url = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_53379.html}, eprint = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_53379_5719ed322a53b71594c17a13c1d892b2.pdf} } @article { author = {Ebrahimipour*, H. and Taghizadeh, Z.}, title = {Phytochemical investigations and antioxidant activity of Prosopis farcta from South Khorasan}, journal = {Research Journal of Pharmacognosy}, volume = {4}, number = {Supplement}, pages = {128-128}, year = {2017}, publisher = {- The Iranian Society of Pharmacognosy - Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2345-4458}, eissn = {2345-5977}, doi = {}, abstract = {Background and objectives: The aim of this study was the phytochemical screening and determining the total antioxidant activity of prosopis. farcta a plant native to South Khorasan. It has been mentioned as a cure for diarrhea, measles, diabetes and some other diseases in home remedies. Neuroprotective and relaxing effects, increasing HDL, decreasing LDL and accelerating treatment of superficial wounds are some of its confirmed effects. Methods: Different parts of the plant including leaves, flowers, pods and seeds were harvested. Several extracts were prepared based on maceration, Soxhelt and ultrasound methods which were used for phytochemical analysis and determination of antioxidant activity. An ash solution from different parts of plant was used to measure the contents of mineral elements, phosphorus and total ash. The amount of flavonoids in the plant was evaluated using UV- Vis. method. The total antioxidant activity was estimated by DPPH assay. Results: The results of phytochemical screening revealed the presence of phenolics, flavonoids, saponins, alkaloids, tannin and some other compounds in the leaves. Conclusion: Because of the presence of phenolics and alkaloids, P. farcta can potentially be used for treatment of diseases which are in association whit these compounds.  }, keywords = {Antioxidant activity,DPPH,Prosopis Farcta}, url = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_53380.html}, eprint = {https://www.rjpharmacognosy.ir/article_53380_4a1bf2f529ecc69a4207523a67c4adca.pdf} }