[1] Hong YH, Chao WW, Chen ML, Lin BF. Ethyl acetate extracts of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) sprouts inhibit lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation in vitro and in vivo. J Biomed Sci. 2009; 16(1): 64-75.
[2] Fujiwara N, Kobayashi K. Macrophages in inflammation. Curr Drug Targets Inflamm Allergy. 2005; 4(3): 281-286.
[3] Paterson HM, Murphy TJ, Purcell EJ, Shelley O, Kriynovich SJ, Lien E, Mannick JA, Lederer JA. Injury primes the innate immune system for enhanced toll-like receptor reactivity. J Immunol. 2003; 171(3): 1473-1483.
[4] Iwalewa EO, Mc Gaw LJ, Naidoo V, Eloff JN. Inflammation: the foundation of diseases and disorders. A review of phytomedicines of South African origin used to treat pain and inflammatory conditions. Afr J Biotechnol. 2007; 6(25): 2868-2885.
[5] Mi J, Seung-Weon J, Somi KCh, Kwang-Seok A, Bum-Keun K, Jong-Chan K. Anti-inflammatory effects of 4 medicinal plant extracts in lipopolysaccharide-induced RAW 264.7 cells.
Food Sci Biotechnol. 2013; 22(1): 213-220.
[6] Murugesan D, Deviponnuswamy R. Potential anti-inflammatory medicinal plants- a review. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci. 2014; 6(4): 43-49.
[7] Kumar S, Bajwa BS, Kuldeep S, Kalia AN. Anti-inflammatory activity of herbal plants: a review. Int J Adv Pharm Biol Chem. 2013; 2(2): 272-281.
[8] Recshinger K. Otostegia persica (Labiatae). In: Recshinger K, Ed. Flora Iranica. Graz: Akademische Druck-u, 1982.
[9] Sadeghi Z, Akaberi M, Valizadeh J. Otostegia persica (Lamiaceae): a review on its ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, and pharmacology. Avicenna J Phytomed. 2014; 4(2): 79-88.
[10] Safa O, Soltanipoor MA, Rastegar S, Kazemi M, Nourbakhsh Dehkordi Kh, Ghannadi A. An ethnobotanical survey on Hormozgan province, Iran. Avicenna J Phytomed. 2013; 3(1): 64-81.
[11] Hajhashemi VA, Rabbani M, Asghari GR, Karami-Saravi Z. Effects of Otostegia persica (Burm.) Boiss. on morphine withdrawal syndrome in mice. Iran J Pharm Res. 2004; 3(3): 171-175.
[12] Dubuisson D, Dennis SG. The formalin test: a quantitative study of the analgesic effects of morphine, meperidine, and brain stem stimulation in rats and cats. Pain. 1977; 4(2): 167-174.
[14] Winter CA, Risley EA, Nuss GW. Carrageenin-induced edema in hind paw of the rat as an assay for anti-inflammatory drugs. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 1962; 111(3): 207- 210.
[15] Lin Y, Kong L. Studies on the chemical constituents of Desmodium styracifolium (Osbeck) Merr. Asian J Trad Med. 1993; 28(3): 197-201.
[16] Lu Y, Yeap Foo L. Flavonoid and phenolic glycosides from Salvia officinalis. Phytochem. 2000; 55(3): 263-267.
[18] Diaz A, Dickenson AH. Blockade of spinal N- and P-type, but not L-type, calcium channels inhibits the excitability of rat dorsal horn neurons produced by subcutaneous formalin inflammation. Pain. 1997; 69(1-2): 93-100.
[21] Vinegar R, Schreiber W, Hugo R. Biphasic development of carrageenin edema in rats. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1969; 166(6): 96-103.
[23] Salvemini D, Wang ZQ, Wyatt PS, Bourdon DM, Marino MH, Manning PT, Currie MG. Nitric oxide: a key mediator in the early and late phase of carrageenan-induced rat paw inflammation. Brit J Pharmacol. 1996; 118(4): 829-838.
[24] Nantel F, Denis D, Gordon R, Northey A, Cirino M, Metters KM, Chan CC. Distribution and regulation of cyclooxygenase-2 in carrageenan-induced inflammation. Brit J Pharmacol. 1999; 128(4): 853-859.
[25] Handy RLC, Moore PK. A comparison of the effects of L-NAME, 7-NI and L-NIL on carrageenan-induced hind paw edema and NOS activity. Brit J Pharmacol. 1998; 123(6): 1119-1126.
[27] Yassa N, Sharififar F, Shafiee A. Otostegia persica as a source of natural antioxidants. Pharm Biol. 2005; 43(1): 33-38.
[28] Ayatollahi SAM, Kobarfard F, Asgarpanah J, Choudhary MI. Antiglycation activity of Otostegia persica (Burm.) Boiss. Afr J Biotechnol. 2010; 9(24): 3645-3648.
[31]
Hamalainen M,
Nieminen R, Vuorela P, Heinonen M, Moilanen E. Anti-inflammatory effects of flavonoids: genistein, kaempferol, quercetin, and daidzein inhibit STAT-1 and NF-κB activations, whereas flavone, isorhamnetin, naringenin, and pelargonidin inhibit only NF-κB activation along with their inhibitory effect on iNOS expression and NO production in activated macrophages.
Mediators Inflamm. 2007; Article ID 45673.
[32] Funakoshi-Tago M, Nakamura K, Tago K, Mashino T, Kasahara T. Anti-inflammatory activity of structurally related flavonoids, apigenin, luteolin and fisetin. Int Immunopharmacol. 2011; 11(9): 1150-1159.
[33]
Lee JH,
Zhou HY, Cho SY, Kim YS, Lee YS, Jeong CS. Anti-inflammatory mechanisms of apigenin: inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 expression, adhesion of monocytes to human umbilical vein endothelial cells, and expression of cellular adhesion molecules.
Arch Pharm Res. 2007; 30(10): 1318-1327.
[34] Chirumbolo S. Anti-Inflammatory action of isorhamnetin. Inflammation. 2014; 37(4): 1200-1201.